Makeup (from the Greek ?????????? , kosm? tikos , "beautify" and - ????? , -logia ) are studies and beauty care application. Special branches include hairstyles, skincare, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, non permanent hair removal such as waxing and sugaring as well as permanent hair removal processes such as electrology and Intense Pulsed Light (IPL).
Video Cosmetology
Keahlian beautician
Ahli Kosmetologi
Cosmetologists are trained and licensed to perform cosmetic treatments on hair, skin, and nails. It can be expanded into several parts including hair cutting and hair care, hair removal without sharp knives, fashion trends, wigs, nails and skin care, skin and hair analysis; relaxation techniques including head, neck, scalp, hand and foot base massage and aroma therapy; plus the ability to expertly apply makeup applications to cover or promote and may extend to further specializations such as reflexology; theater application; cosmetics and others as listed below. A beauty expert is someone who is an expert in hair care and makeup and skin care and beauty products. They can also offer other services such as coloring, extension, perm and alignment. Cosmetologists help their clients improve or gain a particular look by applying a rising aesthetic app. Hairdressers often dress hair for weddings, proms, and other special occasions in addition to regular hair arrangement.
Hair color
A hair color specialist, aka hair dye, specializes in natural hair color modification using a variety of application methods while using dye products from a professional company. In the US, some dyes are eligible through the American Board of Certified Hair Colorists. This designation is used to recognize dyes that have a higher level of competence in the industry through written exams and practice exams. The duties of a hair color specialist may include, but are not limited to, basic color applications such as covering gray hair color and lightening or darkening. A color specialist also has the ability to perform color corrective applications and create special effects using foiling techniques or other advanced color application methods.
Shampoo Technician
Shampoo technician shampoo and condition of the client's hair in preparation for the hairdresser. This is generally an internship position and a first step for many people who just dropped out of cosmetology school.
Aesthetics
Aestheticians are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and repairing the skin. The general practice of an aesthetist is confined to the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). Aesthetic experts work in various environments such as salons, spa med, daily spa, skincare clinic, and personal practices. Aestheticians can also specialize in treatments such as microdermabrasion, microcurrent (also known as non-surgical face lift), cosmetic electrotherapy treatment (galvanic current, high frequency), LED emission diode, ultrasound/ultrasonic (low level) , and mechanical massage (vacuum and vibration g8).
Aesthetic experts can undergo specialized training for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup applications, mild chemical exfoliation, eyelash extensions, and electrology. In the US, aesthetic experts must be licensed in the country where they work and are governed by the state cosmetology board's requirements. Aesthetic experts must complete a minimum of 300-1500 hours of training and pass a written and direct examination to obtain a license in a particular state. Utah, Virginia, and Washington are the only states currently adopting Master's Aesthetic Licenses. Additional postgraduate training is sometimes necessary when specializing in areas such as medical aesthetics (working in a doctor's office). Aesthetic experts work under the supervision of a dermatologist only when employed by a practicing dermatologist. Aesthetic experts treat a variety of cosmetic skin problems, such as mild acne, hyperpigmentation, and skin aging; Therefore, clients with skin diseases and disorders are referred to a dermatologist or other medical professional. Aestheticians are also referred to as beauticians in North America.
Maps Cosmetology
Occupational hazards
Many chemicals in salon products pose a potential health risk. Examples of hazardous chemicals found in general care (eg hair coloration, straightening, perm, relaxer, keratin treatment, Brazilian blowouts, and nail care) include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, alkali (sodium hydroxide), ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced about 20% of hair stylist to stop practicing their profession.
In the beauty and cosmetology industry, some of the products used in hair dye and nail applications contain chemicals that have been shown to have adverse health effects for cosmetologists. The chemical combination known as the toxic trio is often part of a list of ingredients in nail polish, hair dye, and nail polish remover. The poisonous trio consists of formaldehyde, toluene and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). DBP is often found in nail polish and used as a binder to increase the amount of time fixed polishing on the nail. Toluene is an industrial solvent and usually a nail polish remover. Formaldehyde can be found in various beauty products but is commonly found in hair straightener products and hair dyes as well as in some nail polish. Each chemical member of the toxic trio has independently been found to have harmful reproductive effects in humans, so there is concern that the presence of these three chemicals in cosmetological supplies could pose an adverse health risk to cosmetologists.
Demographics of the makeup industry
As a profession, cosmetology is largely female, most of the reproductive age. There are over a million registered and licensed women as cosmetologists in the United States and about a few million more work as hairdressers. Among cosmetologists, hairdressers and nail technicians make up the bulk of the working population. Many cosmetologists begin their careers before the reproductive age and before family planning, which can place them at a higher risk for reproductive health effects from exposure to cosmetological chemicals in the workplace.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the public safety of cosmetic products and the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act regulates these products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) uses an "Expert Panel" to review the data available on cosmetic ingredients and determine whether chemicals in cosmetic products are safe to remember given how they are currently in use. However, this protocol only helps if applied to all cosmetological workplaces in the United States.
Investigations conducted by the Environmental Working Group reveal that only 11% of the more than 10,000 cosmetic ingredients documented by the FDA are evaluated in the CIR review. Research studies have shown that although "toxicological considerations play an increasingly significant role in product formulation, the risk of reproduction is not usually taken into account." The findings reported above are very apprehensive, "cosmetology is a woman-dominated occupation; with more than half a million women in the United States employed as cosmetologists. "Also it is known that" more than 9,000 chemicals are found in cosmetic products. "Air purifiers use a variety of products containing chemicals. Hair dye represents the largest. Segment of chemical products in the hair market today. Thus, they are the main source of chemical exposure among hairstylist ".
Chemical exposure
Toluene
Toluene is a water-insoluble clear liquid with a distinct and stinging smell, similar to a paint thinner. Toluene is found in cosmetic products such as nail polish, nail glue, and hair dye and is widely used as an industrial solvent and is used to make nail polish, lacquer, adhesive, rubber, and paint thinners. It is used in the production of benzene, gasoline, nylon, plastic, and polyurethane. Toluene can be found on cosmetic labels by name, benzene, toluol, phenylmethane, methylbenzene.
Toluene enters the environment when materials such as nail polish, paint, paint thinners, and adhesives are used. It is rapidly mixed with air and individuals working with paints, lacquer, or dyes have a greater exposure to toluene through the dermal and breathing routes. Inhaled Toluene during pregnancy has led to neonatal effects, including intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor, congenital malformation, and postnatal development retardation.
Dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a manufactured chemical used as a plasticizer. It is used to make plastics more flexible and can be found in paint, glue, insect repellent, hair spray, nail polish, and rocket fuel. Due to its flexible nature and film shaping, it makes it the ideal material in cosmetic and cosmetology products. DBP is primarily used in nail products as a solvent for dyes and as a plasticizer which prevents polish nails become brittle, but also used in hair sprays, to help avoid stiffness by allowing them to form flexible films on the hair.
When nail polish is applied, nail polish will dry to the nail as some other chemicals evaporate and DBP remains in the nail, making the polish less brittle and likely to crack. Chemicals can not only be absorbed through the nails, but also through the skin. When the hand is polished nails washed, a small amount of DBP can come out of the polish and come into contact with the skin. The application of nail polish can also provide an opportunity for skin absorption.
Dibutyl phthalate has been associated with reproductive problems in humans if the mother is exposed while pregnant and has been banned for use by European Union and certain phthalate esters have been shown to cause reproductive toxicity in animal models.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a colorless, strongly smelly, non-volatile liquid, making exposure to workers and clients potentially healthy. Both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) classify formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. Formaldehyde has been linked to nasal and lung cancer, with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.
Evolving evidence reveals that popular hair removal treatments contain formaldehyde and release formaldehyde as a gas. Normaldehyde is a common ingredient in bursts of Brazilian, Cadiveu, and Keratin Complete Smoothing Therapies. Four laboratories in California, Oregon and Canada, confirmed the popular hair straightening treatment, Brazilian Blowout, containing between 4% and 12% formaldehyde. OSHA Oregon shows that other keratin-based hair-finishing products also contain formaldehyde, with concentrations ranging from 1% to 7%.
Formaldehyde may be present in a hair-softening solution or as a vapor in the air. Styles and clients can inhale formaldehyde as a gas or vapor to the lungs and respiratory tract. Formaldehyde vapor can also make contact with mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or throat. Formaldehyde solutions can be absorbed through the skin during the application process of liquid hair straightener. Formaldehyde solutions can release formaldehyde gas at room temperature and heat up the solution to speed up the process. Exposure often occurs when heat is applied to the treatment, through drying and ironing flat.
Styles and clients have reported acute health problems when using or after using certain hair-finishing treatments containing formaldehyde. Reported problems include nose bleeding, burning eyes and throat, skin irritation and asthma attacks. Other symptoms associated with exposure to formaldehyde include watery eyes; runny nose; burning sensation or irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat; dry and sore throat; respiratory tract irritation; cough; chest pain; hard to breathe; wheezing; lose the sense of smell; headache; and fatigue.
Reproductive health and birth defects from poisonous trio
The presence of Formaldehyde, phthalates, and toluene (the toxic trio) in the work environment plays a role in the risk of reproductive health effects for cosmetologists. Studies show that there is a significant increase in preterm delivery and an increased risk of pregnancy disorder when hairdressers are compared with reference teacher groups and sellers where the only job difference is exposure to toxic trio. Hairdressers and beauticians have a slight increased risk of having babies with small gestational age. Reproductive disorders in relation to low birth weight were examined and found an increased risk of having low birth weight infants; three of these studies showed significant improvement.
Case studies on toluene exposure have found an increased incidence of urogenital, gastrointestinal, and cardiac anomalies among children of mothers exposed to organic solvents, such as toluene. Associations are found between pregnant women who inhale Formaldehyd, phthalates, and toluene and adverse reproductive outcomes such as intrauterine growth retardation and premature birth. Hairdressers report premature ovarian failure five times more frequently than women in non-cosmetological jobs.
Cosmetic rules in the US.
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FD & C Act) defines cosmetics as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed, put in, or applied to the human body.. for cleaning, beautifying promotes attraction, or changing appearance ". Products such as nail polish, hair coloring, alignment formula, and shampoo are included in this cosmetic definition. In the US, the FDA does not require premarket approval for cosmetic ingredients or products, with the exception of color. In addition, the FDA is not legally responsible for cosmetic or material safety products and does not have the authority to require manufacturers to submit their security data to the FDA. In contrast, cosmetics manufacturers are legally responsible for correctly labeling and producing their products with safe ingredients. US cosmetics companies are also not required to register their products or materials with the FDA because registration is purely voluntary. The FDA can not legally order a recall of cosmetic products in the US even if they are proven to have poor health outcomes. The recall of the product depends on the cosmetics manufacturer is completely voluntary.
In contrast, the EU requires cosmetic products to undergo premarket security testing and require compulsory cosmetology products and material registration. In general, the EU approached cosmetics and its production under the principle of prudence. The EU has banned 1,328 chemicals from use in cosmetics and does not allow animal testing for cosmetics. The lack of oversight in the United States on self-care and cosmetology products is alarming and makes workers and communities at risk.
OSHA requirements regarding formaldehyde
OSHA requires manufacturers, importers and distributors to identify formaldehyde on any product containing more than 0.1% formaldehyde (as a gas or in solution), or if the product can release formaldehyde at a concentration greater than 0.1 parts per million ppm). The safety data sheet (SDS) must also be included with the product and stored in place with the product at any time. SDS should explain why the chemicals in the product are dangerous, how dangerous it is, how workers can protect themselves, and what they should do in an emergency.
Salon owners and hairdressers are advised to look closely at the hair products they use (see product labels and SDS sheets) to see if they contain methylene glycol, formaldehyde, methylene oxide, paraforms, formaldehyde aldehydes, methanal, oxomethane, oxymethylene, or CAS Number 50-00-0. According to the OSHA Formaldehyde standard, products containing any of these names should be treated as products containing formaldehyde. OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (Right to Know) states that salon owners and other employers must have SDS for products containing hazardous chemicals. If salon owners or other employers decide to use products that contain or release formaldehyde they are required to follow the guidelines in the OSHA Formaldehyde standard.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), is responsible for workers' health and safety checks. An estimated 375,000 nail technicians work in nail salons in the United States. But in 2005, OSHA checked only 18 nail salons because businesses were exempt from checks if they had 10 employees or less. According to the Asian American Resource Workshop, Vietnamese nail salon workers have 40% nail technicians licensed in the United States. "It's long working hours, low hourly wages, and fierce competition from every corner of the block" and with fierce competition between businesses, salaries are waning further. As a result, the majority of these immigrants are subject to low socioeconomic status; which subsequently reduces the opportunity to be educated about the chemicals of their work exposed at work and reduces the opportunity to seek health care if adverse health effects are experienced from chemical exposure.
Career cosmetology
In the United States, whether planning to study cosmetology or specializing in a particular field, each country has different requirements that must be met before obtaining a license.
For example, the State of Illinois Department of Finance and the Professional Rules require every candidate to complete their hours through a licensed school of cosmetology courses where new skills are taught and learned such as hair coloring, styling, hair cutting and the use of hazardous chemicals. Upon completion of the minimum hours for obtaining a state license, online checking is required and sent by mail with other supported documentation. The Bureau of Statics of Labor states that the average salary for licensed beauty experts is $ 28,770 per May 2015. The Illinois Metropolitan Territory, Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights has one of the highest employment rates with an annual rate of $ 27,750. Becoming a licensed beauty expert opens the door to becoming self-employed and working in High-End Salon. As a licensed cosmetologist, each has the option of choosing which salon is best suited for work, but an entrepreneurial salon will bring in more revenue as long as it has the right business plan to succeed. Each candidate applying for a salon must obtain a registration certificate and submit all necessary documents with the parent company number, employer identification number to Illinois Department of Labor.
Leading cosmetologist
References
External links
- Historical work on digital makeup by BIUM (BibliothÃÆ'¨que interuniversitaire de mÃÆ' Â © decine et d'odontologie, Paris)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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