Ruby

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A ruby ​​â € <â € < is a pink gemstone to blood red, various corundum minerals (aluminum oxide). Another variation of the quality of corundum gems is called sapphire. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, along with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The word ruby ​​â € <â € < comes from ruber , Latin for red. The ruby ​​color â € <â €

The quality of ruby ​​is determined by its color, cut, and clarity, which, along with the weight of the rust, affects its value. The brightest and most precious blood red color called the red blood or pigeon, ordered a large premium over other rubies of the same quality. After colors follow clarity: similar to diamonds, clear stones will command premium, but ruby ​​without rutile inclusions such as needles may indicate that the stone has been treated. Ruby is a traditional birthstone for July and is usually more pink than garnet, although some rhodolite garnets have a pink color similar to most rubies. The most valuable Ruby in the world is Sunrise Ruby.

Video Ruby

Physical properties

Rubi has a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale. Among the natural gems are only moissanite and diamonds harder, with diamonds having a hardness Mohs 10.0 and Moissanite falling somewhere between corundum (ruby) and diamonds in hardness. Safir, ruby, and pure corundum are? -alumina, the most stable form of Al ₂ O ₃ , where 3 electrons leave each aluminum ion to join the usual octahedral group of six ions O ^{2 -} closest; in this pure corundum leaves all aluminum ions with a very stable configuration of no unpaired electrons or unallocated energy levels, and the crystals are very colorless.

When the chromium atom replaces the occasional aluminum atom, it also loses 3 electrons to become a chromium ion ³ to keep the cargo balance of Al ₂ O ₃ crystal. However, Cr ³ ions are larger and have electron orbitals in different directions than aluminum. The octahedral arrangement of the O ^{2 -} ion is distorted, and the different orbital energy levels of the Cr ³ ion are slightly altered as the directions to O ^{2 -} ion. The energy difference is related to absorption in the areas of the ultraviolet, purple, and yellow-green spectra.

If one percent of the aluminum ion is replaced by chromium in ruby, the yellow-green absorption results in red for the gem. In addition, absorption at any of the above wavelengths may stimulate the emission of fluorescence 694-nanometers-red light wavelength, which adds to the red color and perceived sheen.

After absorbing short wavelength light, there is a short time interval when the ruby ​​crystal lattice is in an excited state before fluorescence occurs. If the 694 nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time, they can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be emitted in phase with them, thus reinforcing the intensity of the red light. By arranging a mirror or other means to pass light emitted repeatedly through a crystal, a ruby ​​red laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent red light.

All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color droppings and the inclusion of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetic, simulant, or substitute. Usually, the rough stone is heated before it is cut. These days, almost all rubies are treated in some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. Unrefined rubies of high quality premium command.

Some rubies show a three point or six point or "star" asterism. These rubies are cut into cabochons to display the effects correctly. Asterism is best seen with a single light source and moves across the rock as light moves or rocks are rotated. The effect occurs when light is reflected from the "silk" (inclusion of rutile needles oriented structurally) in a certain way. This is one example where inclusions increase the value of gemstones. Furthermore, rubies can show discoloration - although this is very rare - just like a chat or a "cat's eye" effect.

Ruby vs sapphire pink

Generally, corundum gemstones are of the highest quality in all red colors, including pink, called rubies. However, in the United States, the minimum color saturation must be met to be called ruby; otherwise, the stone will be called pink sapphire. Draw the difference between the relatively new pink ruby ​​and sapphire, which appeared in the 20th century. Often, the difference between ruby ​​â € <â €

Maps Ruby

Natural events

The Valley of Strike in Upper Myanmar (Burma) for centuries is the main source of rubies in the world. The region has produced some remarkable rubies, but in recent years some good rubies have been discovered. In central Myanmar, Mong Hsu's territory began producing rubies during the 1990s and quickly became a major ruby ​​mining area of ​​the world. The most recent ruby ​​deposit found in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin.

Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the ruby ​​deposit of World War II was found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam. In Sri Lanka, lighter ruby ​​colors (often "pink sapphires") are more commonly found. The Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe that has natural rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Olive Macedonia has a unique raspberry color. Ruby also belongs to the Macedonian symbol. Several rubies have been found in the US states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Wyoming.

Spinel, another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same pebbles or marble. Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by those who lack experience with gems. However, the best red spinels can have a value close to ruby ​​â € <â €

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Factors that affect the value

Rubies, like other gems, are assessed using a criterion known as the four Cs, namely color, cut, clarity and rust weight. Rubies are also evaluated on the basis of their geographic origin.

Color: In the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is the most important factor. Color is divided into three components: color , saturation and tone . Rona refers to the color as we usually use the term. Transparent gemstones occur in a pure, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple color spectrum. In nature, there are rarely pure colors, so when talking about the color of gemstones, we are talking about primary and secondary colors and sometimes tertiary. Ruby is defined red. All other gem colors are called sapphires. Ruby can show a variety of secondary colors, including orange, purple, purple, and pink.

The ruby ​​is best described as the clear dark red media. Secondary flush adds additional complications. Pink, orange, and purple are normal secondary colors in ruby. Of the three, purple is preferred because it strengthens red, making it appear richer. Purple also occupies a position in the color wheel halfway between red and blue. When ruby ​​â € <â €

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Treatment and refinement

Improving the quality of gemstones by treating them is a common practice. Some treatments are used in almost all cases and are therefore considered acceptable. During the late 1990s, large supplies of low-cost materials caused a sudden surge in the supply of hot-treated rubies, which caused downward pressure on the price of ruby.

The improvements used include discoloration, increased transparency by dissolving rutile inclusions, healing broken bones (cracks) or even actually filling them.

The most common treatment is heat applications. Most of the rubies at the bottom end of the market are heated to enhance the color, remove purple tinge , blue patches, and silk. This heat treatment usually occurs at temperatures of 1800 ° C (3300 ° F). Some rubies undergo a low tube heat process, when the stone is heated over the charcoal at a temperature of about 1300 ° C (2400 ° F) for 20 to 30 minutes. Silk partially damaged, and the color improves.

Another treatment, which has become more frequent in recent years, is refilling tin glasses. Filling fractures inside a ruby ​​â € <â €

Rough stones have been polished to eradicate all surface impurities that can affect the process

Rough is cleaned with hydrogen fluoride

First heating process as long as no filler is added. The heating process removes impurities inside the fracture. Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1400 ° C (2500 ° F) is most likely to occur at temperatures around 900 ° C (1600 ° F) because rutile silk is intact.

The second heating process in an electric oven with different chemical additives. Various solutions and mixtures have proven successful, but most lead-containing glass powders are used today. Rubies are immersed in oil, then covered with powder, embedded in tiles and placed in an oven where heated at about 900 Ã, Â ° C (1600Ã, Â ° F) for one hour in the oxidizing atmosphere. Orange-colored pow change when heated to transparent paste to yellow, which fills all fractures. After cooling the color of the paste is completely transparent and dramatically increases the overall transparency of the ruby.

If colors need to be added, glass powders can be "enhanced" with copper or other metal oxides as well as elements such as sodium, calcium, potassium etc.

The second heating process can be repeated three to four times, even applying a different mixture. When jewelry containing heated rubies (for repairs) should not be coated with boric acid or other substances, as these can etch the surface; it does not have to be "protected" like a diamond.

Treatment can be identified by noting bubbles in cavities and fractures using a 10x magnifier.

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Synthetic and artificial gems

In 1837, Gaudin made the first synthetic ruby ​​by combining alumumumumum at high temperatures with little chromium as pigment. In 1847, Ebelmen made white sapphires by combining alumina in boric acid. In 1877, Frenic and Freil made corundum crystals that could cut small stones. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil produce ruby ​​â € <â € 2 and Al ₂ O ₃ with a little chromium on red heat. In 1903, Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this fire fusion process. In 1910, Verneuil's laboratory has evolved into a 30-stove production facility, with annual 1,000-kilogram (2,000 pound) annual gemstone production in 1907.

Another process in which synthetic rubies can be produced is through the process of drawing Czochralski, the flux process, and the hydrothermal process. Most synthetic rubies come from fire fusion, because of the low costs involved. Synthetic rubies may not have imperfections visible to the naked eye but enlargements can reveal curves, striae and gas bubbles. The less the number and the less obvious the imperfection, the more valuable the ruby ​​is; unless there is no imperfection (ie, the perfect ruby), which in this case will be suspected as artificial. Dopants are added to some of the rubies that are made so they can be identified as synthetic, but most require gemological testing to determine their origin.

Synthetic rubies have a technological advantage as well as gemological ones. Synthetic ruby ​​rods are used to make ruby ​​laser and masers. The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960. Maiman used synthetic ruby ​​emitted solid light to produce a red laser beam at a wavelength of 694 nanometers (nm). Ruby Laser still in use. Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required as when using locations exposed in modern mechanical working hours, or as a tip scan probe in a coordinate measuring machine.

Olive ointment is also marketed. Red spinels, red garnets, and colored glass have been claimed to be fake as rubies. Replicas back in Roman times and already in the 17th century techniques were developed to color the red foil - by burning red wool at the bottom of the furnace - which was then placed beneath a mock stone. Trading terms such as ruby ​​replies â € <â €

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Records and famous rubies

• Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. has some of the biggest and best ruby ​​gemstones in the world. The 23.1 carat (4.62 g) Burmese ruby, arranged in a platinum ring with diamonds, was donated by entrepreneur and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen LÃÆ'ºcia. This gemstone features rich redsatures combined with exceptional transparency. A very proportionate cut gives a clear red reflection. The rock was mined from the Strike Area in Burma (now Myanmar) in the 1930s.
• In 2007, London jewelry, Garrard & amp; Co is featured on their website ruby ​​â € <â € <40.63-carat heart-shaped.
• On December 13, 2014, Elizabeth Taylor's complete jewelry collection was auctioned off by Christie. Several pieces of ruby-set included in the sale, especially a set of rings with 8.24 ct gems that broke the record of 'price-per-carat' for rubies ($ 512,925 per carat, ie more than $ 4.2 million in total), and a necklace that sells for more than $ 3.7 million.
• Liberty Bell Ruby is the largest ruby ​​mined in the world. It was stolen in the theft of 2011.
• The Sunrise Ruby is a ruby ​​gemstone, the most expensive colored gemstone in the world, and the most expensive gemstone besides a diamond. In May 2015, it was sold at auction in Switzerland to anonymous buyers for US $ 30 million.
• The synthetic ruby ​​crystals became the world's first optical fiber optical medium, compiled, designed and built by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman, on May 16, 1961 at Hughes Research Laboratories. The concept of amplification of electromagnetic radiation through stimulated emission mechanism has been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory through Maser, using other materials such as ammonia and, later, ruby, but Ruby Laser is the first device to work in optics. (694.3 m) wavelength. Maiman prototype laser is still in working order.

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Historical and cultural references

• In Job 28:18 and Proverbs 3:15, wisdom is more valuable than rubies. In Proverbs 31:10, a wife with noble character is more valuable than a ruby.
• An early recorded ruby ​​transport and trade emerged in the literature on the North China Silk Road, where about 200 BC rubies were brought along this ancient line that moved west from China.
• Rubies are always upheld in Asian countries. They are used for armor ornaments, sarongs, and utilize nobles in India and China. Rubies are laid beneath the foundations of buildings to secure good fortune for structures.

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See also

• Anyolite
• List of gemstones
• Mineral list
• Shelby Gem Factory
• Verneuil process

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References

External links

• Page overview ruby ​​The International Colored Stone
• Webminal crystallographic and mineral info

Source of the article : Wikipedia