A drill rig is a machine that creates a hole beneath the earth's surface. Drilling rigs can be large structural housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be manually moved by one person and this is called auger. Drilling rigs can model underground minerals, test rocks, soils and groundwater physical properties, and can also be used to install subsurface fabrication, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment installed in trucks, tracks or trailers, or more land-based or permanent marine structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called off-shore rigs even if they do not load drilling rigs). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex equipment used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.
Small to medium drilling rigs are mobile, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling, blast holes, water wells and environmental investigations. Larger rigs are capable of drilling through thousands of meters of Earth's crust, using large "mud pumps" to pass drilling mud through the drill and up into annulus casing, to cool and remove "bits" while the well is drilled. Hoists on the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipes. Other equipment may force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate the extraction of oil or natural gas; and in remote locations there can be permanent living accommodation and catering for crew (which may be more than a hundred). Sea rigs can operate thousands of miles away from the supply base with rare rotation or crew cycles.
Video Drilling rig
History
Until the internal combustion engine was developed at the end of the 19th century, the main method for rock drilling was the strength of human or animal muscles. The technique of oil drilling through percussion or rotary drilling has its origins originated from the ancient Chinese Han dynasty in 500 BC, where percussion drilling is used to extract natural gas in Sichuan province. Early oil and gas drilling methods appear primitive because they require some technical skills. Skills involve the availability of heavy iron scrap and long bamboo rods, long and sturdy cable making woven from bamboo fibers, and levers. Heavy pieces of iron attached to long bamboo wires hanging from bamboo sticks and then repeatedly removed and dropped into manually dug holes with two to six people jumping on the lever. Han dynasty oil wells made with effective percussion drilling but only reached 10 meters and 100 meters in the 10th century. In the 16th century, the Chinese explored and drilled an oil well over 2000 meters. The modern variant of ancient Chinese drilling techniques was used by American businessman Edwin Drake to drill the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859 using a small steam engine to drive the drilling process rather than by human muscle.
In the 1970s, beyond the oil and gas industry, roller bits using mud circulation were replaced by the first reciprocating pneumatic piston, Reverse Circulation (RC) drill, and basically became obsolete for the most shallow drilling, and are now only used in certain situations in where the stone is blocking other methods. RC drilling is proven to be much faster and more efficient, and continuously enhanced with better metallurgy, lower bits harder, longer lasting, and compressor provides higher air pressure at higher volumes, enabling deeper and faster penetration. Diamond drilling is essentially unchanged from the start.
Maps Drilling rig
Oil drilling industry
Oil and natural gas drilling rigs are used not only to identify the geological reservoir but also to create holes that allow the extraction of oil or natural gas from the reservoir. Especially in the offshore oil and gas fields after the wells are drilled, drilling rigs will be removed from wells and service rigs (smaller rigs) built specifically for completion will be moved to the well to get well on the track. This frees up drilling rigs to drill other holes and simplify operations as well as allow for specific service specializations, ie vs. settlement. drilling.
The mining drilling industry
The mine drilling rig is used for two main purposes, exploration drilling aimed at identifying the location and quality of minerals, and production drilling, used in the production cycle for mining. Drilling rigs used for rock blasting for surface mines vary in size depending on the size of the desired hole, and are usually classified into larger and smaller pre-sized production holes. Hard rock uses a variety of drill rigs depending on the desired destination, such as production, braking, cabling, and tunneling.
Mobile drilling rig
In the initial oil exploration, the drilling rig is semi-permanent and the crane is often built in place and left in place after the completion of the well. In the recent time, drilling rigs are specialized and costly machines that can be moved from well to well. Some light duty drilling rigs such as moving cranes and more often used to drill water wells. Larger ground rigs must be split into sections and loads to move to new places, a process that can take weeks.
Small mobile drill rigs are also used to drill or drill piles. Rigs can range from 100 tons of continuous flight auger rigs (CFA) to small rigs used to drill holes in mines, etc. This rig uses the same technology and equipment as an oil drilling rig, only on a smaller scale.
The drilling mechanism described below is mechanically different in terms of the machine used, but also in the case where the drill bit is removed from the drill cutting and returns to the surface.
Drilling rig classification
There are many types and designs of drill rigs, with many drilling rigs capable of transforming or incorporating different drilling technologies as needed. Drilling rigs can be explained using one of the following attributes:
With power used
- Mechanical - the rig uses a torque, clutch, and transmission converter powered by its own engine, often diesel
- Electricity - the main item of the machine is driven by an electric motor, usually with on-site power using an internal combustion engine
- Hydraulics - main rigs use hydraulic power
- Pneumatics - rigs are mainly powered by pressurized air
- Steam - rigs use steam-powered engines and pumps (obsolete after the mid-20th century).
With the pipe being used
- Cables are used to raise and drop the drill bit
- Conventional - using metal or plastic drill pipes of various types
- Coil tubingÃ, - using giant tube rolls and downhole drilling motors
With height
(Rigs are distinguished by altitude based on how many connected pipes they can "stand" on the crane while it is necessary to temporarily remove the drill pipe from the hole.Typically this is done when changing the drill bit or when "felling" is well.)
- Single - can only draw a single drill pipe. Whether or not the "spokes" of vertical pipes vary from rig to rig.
- DoubleÃ, - can hold a pipe stand in derrick consisting of two connected drill pipes, called "double doubles".
- TripleÃ, - can store a pipe holder in a crane consisting of three connected drill pipes, called a "triple stand".
- Quadri - can store pipe holder in derrick consisting of four connected drill pipe, called "quadri stand".
With rotation method or drilling method
- Rotation does not include a direct push rig and most service rigs Rotary table, rotation is achieved by rotating square or hexagonal pipes ("Kelly") on the ground floor of the drill.
- The top drive - rotation and circulation is done at the top of the drill string, on the motor that moves on the track along the crane.
- Sonic - uses vibrational energy to advance drill string
- HammerÃ, - using rotational and percussive powers (see Down-the-hole exercise)
With the position of derrick
- Conventional - the crane is vertical
- SlantÃ, - derrick angled at a 45 degree angle to facilitate horizontal drilling
Drill type
There are various drilling mechanisms that can be used to sink a drill hole to the ground. Each has advantages and disadvantages, in terms of drilling depth, the type of sample returned, the cost involved and the level of penetration achieved. There are two basic types of exercises: exercises that produce rock chips, and exercises that produce core samples.
Auger drilling
[Auger drilling is done with a helical screw that is pushed to the ground by rotation; the earth is lifted onto the borehole by the screw blades.]] Hollow bar excavations are used for softer soil such as swamps where the holes will not remain open by themselves for environmental drilling, geotechnical drilling, soil engineering and geochemical reconnaissance in exploration for mineral deposits. Solid air augers/auger buckets are used in harder ground construction drilling. In some cases, the mine shaft is dug with auger drill. Small Augers can be mounted on the back of a utility truck, with large augers used to stack the pile of bridge foundations.
Auger drilling is limited to materials that are generally not consolidated or weathered rocks. It's cheap and fast.
Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB)
RAB drilling is most often used in the mineral exploration industry. (This tool is also known as Down-the-hole drill.) Drill uses a pneumatic "hammer" pneumatic driven piston to push heavy drill drill into the rock. The drill is hollow, solid steel and has a 20 cm thick tungsten rod protruding from the steel matrix as the "button". The tungsten button is a bit advance piece.
Cuttings are detonated outside the stem and collected on the surface. Air or a combination of air and foam lifting cuttings.
RAB drilling is used primarily for mineral exploration, drill water drilling and explosion hole drilling at the mine, as well as for other applications such as engineering, etc. RAB produces lower quality samples because cuttings are detonated outside the stem and can be contaminated from contact with other rocks. RAB drilling at extreme depth, when encountered with water, can quickly clog the outside of the hole with debris, blocking the removal of the powder from the hole. This can be neutralized, however, by the use of "stabilizers" also known as "reamers", which are large cylindrical steel pieces attached to the drill string, and are made to fit the size of the holes being drilled. It has a set of rollers on the side, usually with a tungsten button, which constantly breaks the cuttings pushed up.
The use of high-powered air compressors, which push 900-1150 cfm of air at 300-350 psi down holes also ensures deeper drilling of holes up to ~ 1250 m due to higher air pressures that push all pieces of rock and water. to the surface. This, of course, all depends on the density and weight of the drilled rock, and how drilled the drill is.
Air core drilling
Air core drilling and related methods use hardened steel or tungsten blades to create holes to unconsolidated soil. The drill bit has three blades arranged around the bit head, which cuts unconsolidated ground. The stems were hollow and contained an inner tube that sat inside the barrel of the hollow outer bar. The drill bit is removed by injection of compressed air into the hole through the annular area between the innertube and the drill rod. The cuttings are then blown back onto the surface of the inner tube where they pass through the sample separation system and are collected if necessary. Drilling continues with the addition of the rod to the top of the drill strap. Air core drilling can sometimes produce small pieces of rocks that are core.
This method of drilling is used to drill the obsolete regolith, because drilling rigs and steel or tungsten blades can not penetrate fresh rocks. Where possible, air core drilling is preferred over RAB drilling as it provides a more representative sample. Air core drilling can reach a depth of close to 300 meters in good condition. Because the cuttings are removed inside the stem and less susceptible to contamination compared to conventional drilling where cuttings pass to the surface through outer returns between the outside of the drill rod and the pit wall. This method is more expensive and slower than RAB.
Drilling wiring tools
Cable rig tools are a traditional way of drilling water wells. The majority of large-diameter water supply wells, especially deep wells completed in a bedrock aquifer, are completed using this drilling method. Although this drilling method has largely been replaced in recent years by other faster drilling techniques, it is still the most practical method of drilling for large diameter, deep rocks, and widely used for small rural water supply wells. The impact of rock drill cracks and in many rock shale situations increases the flow of water into more of a turn.
Also known as drilling ballistic wells and sometimes called "spudders", this rig raises and drops a drill with a heavy drill-tipped carbide that sculpts through rocks by smashing subtly undersea material. Drill strings consist of a top drill rod, an "inter-locking" slider "that helps transmit additional energy into the drill bit and helps eliminate a bit if jammed) and drill bit. During the drilling process, drill strings are periodically removed from the borehole and a bailer is lowered to collect drill pieces (rock fragments, soil, etc.). The bailer is a tool like a bucket with a trapdoor on the base. If the drill hole is dry, water is added so that the drill powder will flow into the bailer. When lifted, the trap door closes and cuttings are removed and removed. Since the drill strap has to be raised and lowered to advance boring, the casing (larger diameter outer pipe) is usually used to hold the top soil material and stabilize the borehole.
Cable wiring rigs are simpler and cheaper than similar-sized rotary rigs, although hard and very slow to operate. World record wiring equipment was also drilled in New York to a depth of nearly 12,000 feet (3,700 m). The common Bucyrus-Erie 22 can drill up to about 1,100 feet (340 m). Since drilling equipment does not use air to drain drilling chips such as rotary, instead of using a gutter cable, technically there is no limit to the depth.
Cable rig tools are now almost obsolete in the United States. They are mostly used in Africa or Third World countries. Being slow, drilling rig cable means increasing wage for drillers. In the United States, the average drilling wage is about US $ 200 per day per person, while in Africa it is only US $ 6 per day per person, so a slow drilling machine can still be used in undeveloped countries with depressed wages. Cable tools can drill 25 feet (7.6 m) to 60 feet (18 m) of hard rock per day. A new rotary drill rig head drill equipped with down-the-hole (DTH) hammers can drill 500 feet (150 m) or more per day, depending on the size and hardness of the formation.
Inverted circulation drill (RC)
RC drilling is similar to the air core drilling, where the drill powder is returned to the inside surface of the stem. The drilling mechanism is a pneumatic pneumatic piston known as a "hammer" that drives a tungsten steel drill. RC drilling uses a much larger rig and engine and a depth of up to 500 meters is routinely achieved. RC drilling should ideally produce dry stone chips, because large air compressors dry the rocks in front of the advanced drill bit. RC drilling is slower and more expensive but achieves better penetration than RAB or air core drilling; it is cheaper than diamond coring and thus is preferred for most mineral exploration work.
Inverted circulation is achieved by exhaling air down the rod, differential pressure creates lift water from the water and cuts the "inner tube", which is inside each rod. Reach the "divertor" at the top of the hole, then move through the sample hose attached to the top of the "cyclone". The drill bit moves around the inside of the cyclone until it falls through the hole at the bottom and is collected in the sample bag.
The most commonly used RC drill is 5-8Ã, inch (13-20 cm) in diameter and has a protruding round tungsten 'button' of bits, which is required to drill through shale and abrasive rocks. As the buttons weaken, drilling becomes slower and the fishing line has the potential to become jammed in the hole. This is a problem when trying to recover the stems can take hours and in some cases weeks. The shaft and the drill bit themselves are very expensive, often resulting in huge cost to the drilling company when the equipment is lost in the drill hole. Most companies will regularly overhaul buttons on their drill bit to prevent this, and to speed up progress. Normally, when something is missing (broken) in the hole, it is not a drill string, but rather from a bit, hammer, or stabilizer to the bottom of the drill string (bit). This is usually caused by operator error, over-stressed metal, or poor drilling conditions that cause the downhole equipment to get stuck in the hole.
Although air-powered RC drilling, water is also used to reduce dust, keep the drill cool, and help encourage upward cuts, but also when "pursing" new holes. Mud called "Liqui-Pol" is mixed with water and pumped into a fishing line, under the hole. This helps bring the sample to the surface by making the sand stick together. Sometimes, "Super-Foam" (a.k.a. "Quik-Foam") is also used, to bring all very fine cuttings to the surface, and to clean the hole. When the drill reaches hard rock, the "collar" lays a hole around the rod, which is usually a PVC pipe. Sometimes a collar can be made from a metal casing. Collecting holes is required to stop the walls from entering caving and bogging the string rod at the top of the hole. Collars may reach up to 60 meters, depending on the ground, though if drilling through hard rock collars may not be necessary.
The installation of an inverted circular rig usually consists of a support vehicle, an additional vehicle, as well as the rig itself. Supporting vehicles, usually trucks, holding diesel tanks and water to re-supply rigs. It also holds other supplies needed for maintenance on the rig. Auxiliary is a vehicle, carrying auxiliary machine and booster machine. This machine is connected to a rig with high-pressure air hose. Although the RC Rig has its own booster and compressor to produce air pressure, extra power is required that the rig does not normally provide because of the lack of space for this large engine. Instead, the engine is mounted on additional vehicles. The compressor on the RC rig has an output of about 1000 cfm at 500 psi (500Ã, Â ° -1 at 3.4Ã, MPa). Alternatively, stand-alone air compressors that have an output of 900-1150cfm at 300-350 psi are each used in sets of 2, 3, or 4, all of which are routed to the rig through a multi-valve manifold.
Diamond core drilling
Diamond core drilling (diamond drilling exploration) uses a circular drill from a diamond attached to the end of a hollow drill rod to cut out a solid rock cylinder core. The diamonds used to make diamond core bits are of various sizes, both for industrial grade microfine diamonds, and the diamond ratios for metals used in matrices affect the performance of bit-cutting capabilities in different types of rock formations. Diamonds are arranged in various hardness matrices, from brass to high-grade steels. Matrix hardness, diamond size and dose may vary according to the stone to be cut. Bits made with hard steel with low diamond counts are ideal for very fragile rocks, while others are made of softer steel and high diamond ratios are good for coring in hard solid rocks. The inner hole allows water to be sent to the cutting face. It provides three important functions - lubrication, cooling, and removal of bore powder from a hole.
Diamond drilling is much slower than inverted circulation drilling (RC) due to the hardness of drilled soil. Drilling 1200-1800 meters is common and at this depth, especially hard rock ground. Techniques vary among drill operators and what they use are rigs, some diamond rigs need a slow drill to extend the life of drill bits and rods, which are very expensive and time consuming to replace at a very deep depth. As the diamond drill rig deeper and deeper into the feeding part of the process does not cut 5 to 10 feet more than the rock core but the core with wire & amp; overshot tool. The core sample is taken through the use of a core tube, a vacuum tube placed inside the rod strings and pumped with water until it is locked into the core barrel. When the core is drilled, the barrel core slips over the core when it is cut. An "overshot" attached to the end of the winch cable is lowered inside the rod strings and locks into the backend (aka head assembly), which is located at the upper end of the core barrel. The winch is pulled, pulling the core tube to the surface. The core does not fall out of the inside of the core tube when removed because either the separate ring core lifter or the basket retainer allow the core to move to, but not back out of the tube.
After the core tube is removed from the hole, the core sample is then removed from the core tube and in the catalog. Driller Assistant releases the endend off the core tube using a tube lock, then each tube section is taken and the core is shoved into the core tray. The core is washed, measured and broken into smaller parts using a hammer or sawn to make it fit into the sample tray. Once cataloged, the core tray is picked up by a geologist who then analyzes the core and determines whether the drilling site is a good location to expand future mining operations.
Diamond rigs can also be part of a multi-combination rig. Multi-combination rigs are double setup rigs capable of operating both in reverse circulation (RC) and the role of diamond drilling (though not at the same time). This is a common scenario where exploratory drilling is being done in very remote locations. The rig was first formed to drill as an RC rig and after the desired meter was drilled, the rig was set for diamond drilling. In this way, the deeper holes of the holes can be drilled without moving the rig and waiting for the diamond rig to be mounted on the pad.
Pushing the rig directly
Direct push technology includes several types of drilling rigs and drilling equipment that advance drill strings by pushing or hammering without turning drill strings. Although this does not meet the exact definition of drilling, it achieves the same result - a drill hole. Direct push pavilions include penetration cone testing (CPT) rigs and direct instance drive rigs such as PowerProbe or Geoprobe. Direct thrust rigs are usually limited to drilling in unconsolidated soil materials and very soft stones.
Rig CPT advances specialized testing equipment (such as electronic cones), and soil samplers using large hydraulic ramses. Most of the heavy CPT rigs (20 metric tons are typical) as counter forces against the hydraulic ram force thrust are often rated up to 20 kN. Or, light and small CPT rigs and offshore CPT rigs will use anchors such as anchored ground anchors to create a reactive force. Under ideal conditions, the CPT rig can reach a production level of up to 250-300 meters per day.
Direct drill rigs use hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic hammers to advance hollow core samplers to collect soil and groundwater samples. The speed and depth of penetration depend largely on the type of soil, the sampler size, and the weight and strength of the rig. Direct push techniques are generally limited to restoration of shallow soil samples to unconsolidated soil material. The advantage of direct push technology is that in the right type of soil can produce large quantities of high-quality samples quickly and cheaply, generally from 50 to 75 meters per day. Instead of hammering, direct impulse can also be combined with sonic (vibrate) methods to improve drill efficiency.
Hydraulic rotary mill
Drilling of oil wells using a tri-cone roller, embedded carbide, fixed-cutter diamond, or diamond drill that is impregnated for use on face cutting. This is preferred because it is not necessary to return the whole sample to the surface for testing because the goal is to achieve formation containing oil or natural gas. A fairly large engine is used, allowing a depth of several kilometers to be penetrated. Spinning hollow drill pipe brings bentonite and drilling mud barite impregnated to lubricate, cool, and clear drilling bits, control downhole pressure, stabilize the borehole wall and remove drill pieces. The mud moves back to the surface around the outside of the drill pipe, called the annulus. Examining stone chips extracted from mud is known as mud logging. Another form of well logging is electronics and is generally used to evaluate the possible existence of oil and gas deposits in drill holes. This can occur when the well is being drilled, using the Drilling Measurement Tool Temporarily, or after drilling, by lowering the measuring instrument into the newly drilled hole.
Drilling rotation systems were generally used in Texas in the early 1900s. This was a modification of that discovered by Fauvelle in 1845, and was used in the early years of the oil industry in several oil producing countries in Europe. Initially pressurized water was used instead of mud, and was virtually useless in hard rock before diamond cutting. The major breakthrough for rotary drilling came in 1901, when Anthony Francis Lucas combined the use of steam-driven rigs and mud, not water at Spindletop's discovery wells.
Drilling and production of oil and gas may pose a safety and environmental hazard from the ignition of trapped gases causing dangerous fires as well as from the risk of oil leaks contaminating water, soil and ground water. For this reason, excessive security systems and highly trained personnel are required by law in all countries with significant production.
Automatic drill booth
The automatic drill rig (ADR) is a sophisticated, medium-sized, advanced, ground-based drilling rig that drills long lateral sections in the horizontal wells for the oil and gas industry. ADR is an agile rig that can move from pad to pad to new well site faster than any other full-size drill rig. Each rig costs about $ 25 million. ADR is widely used in the Athabasca oil sands. According to "Oil Patch Daily News", "Each rig will produce 50,000 hours of work during the construction phase and once completed, each operation rig will directly and indirectly employ over 100 workers." Compared to conventional drilling rigs, "Ensign, an international oilfield services contractor based in Calgary, Alberta, which makes ADR claim that they are" safer to operate, have "enhanced intelligence controls," "reduce environmental footprint, rapid mobility and sophisticated communication between the field and the office. "In June 2005, the first automated drilling rig (ADR) was specifically designed, Ensign Rig No. 118, for steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) applications mobilized by Deer Creek Energy Limited, a Calgary based oilands company.
Technology limit
Drill technology has evolved steadily since the 19th century. However, there are some basic limiting factors that will determine the depth of the drill hole can sink.
All holes shall maintain the outer diameter; the diameter of the hole must remain wider than the diameter of the stem or the rod can not rotate in the hole and progress can not proceed. Friction caused by drilling operations will tend to reduce the outer diameter of the drill bit. This applies to all drilling methods, except that in diamond core drilling the use of thinner rods and casing may allow the hole to continue. The casing is just a hollow layer that protects the hole against collapse during drilling, and is made of metal or PVC. Often the diamond hole will start at a large diameter and when the outside diameter is lost, a thin rod is inserted into the casing to continue, until the hole becomes too narrow. Alternatively, the hole can be reamed; this is a common practice in drilling an oil well where the size of the hole is maintained to the point of the next casing.
For percussion techniques, the main constraint is air pressure. Air should be sent to the piston at sufficient pressure to activate the reciprocating action, and in turn push the head to the rock with enough force to break and destroy it. With depth, volume is added to the in-rod string, requiring a larger compressor to achieve operational pressure. Secondly, ground water is ubiquitous, and increases pressure with depth in the soil. The air inside the rods should be sufficiently pressurized to overcome the water pressure on the bit face. Then, air must be able to bring rock shards to the surface. This is why a depth of more than 500 m for inverted circulation drilling is rarely achieved, as it is expensive and close to a threshold where diamond diamond drilling is more economical.
Routine diamond drilling can reach depths of more than 1200 m. In cases where money is no problem, extreme depth has been reached, as there is no requirement to address water pressure. However, the water circulation must be maintained to return the drill powder to the surface, and more importantly to maintain cooling and lubrication of the bit cut surface; while at the same time reducing friction on the steel walls of the rods that veer into the stone walls in the holes. When the water goes back missing the rod will vibrate, this is called "rod chat", and it will damage the drill rod, and crack the joints.
Without adequate lubrication and cooling, the drill bit matrix will soften. While diamond is the hardest known substance, at 10 on the Mohs hardness scale, the diamond must remain firmly in the matrix to achieve the cut. Weight on bits, the force applied to cutting the face of bits by the drill rod in the hole above the bit, should also be monitored.
The unique drilling operation in the deep water sea is called Project Mohole.
New oilfield technology
Research includes technologies based on the use of water jets, chemical plasmas, hydrothermal or laser spacing.
Causes of deviation
Most drill holes deviate slightly from the planned track. This is because the torque of the turning bit works against the face cutting, due to the flexibility of the steel rod and especially the screw joint, due to the reaction to the foliation and the structure inside the stone, and due to refraction as bits move into different rock layers of various resistances. In addition, the sloping hole will tend to deviate upward because the drill rod will stick at the bottom of the hole, causing the bore to tilt slightly from the right. That's because deviations that drill holes should be surveyed if irregularities will impact on the usefulness of the information being returned. Sometimes the surface location can be matched laterally to take advantage of the expected deviation tendency, so that the bottom of the hole will end near the desired location. Drilling of oil wells generally use a controlled deviation process called directional drilling (for example, when several wells are drilled from one surface location).
rig equipment
Drilling rigs usually include at least some of the following items: See the drilling rig (petroleum) for a more detailed description.
- Blowout preventer: (BOP)
The equipment associated with the rig is to some extent dependent on the type of rig but (# 23 & amp; # 24) is a well-fitted device to prevent liquids and gases from accidentally getting out of the borehole. # 23 is annular (often referred to as "Hydril", which is one manufacturer) and # 24 are rams and rams. In place # 24 Variable bore rams or VBR can be used. It offers the same pressure and sealing capacity found in standard pipe sheep, while offering seamless versatility on various sizes of drill pipe, tube production and casing without changing standard pipe rams. Usually VBR is used when using tapered drill strings (when different size drill pipes are used in complete drill strings).
- Centrifuge: industrial version of the device that separates the precipitate and fine sand from the drilling fluid.
- Solid control: Solid control equipment is to prepare drilling mud for drilling rigs.
- Chain clamps: wrenches with chains, which wrap around whatever is tightened or loosened. Similar to a pipe lock.
- Degasser: a device that separates air and/or gas from drilling fluid.
- Desander/desilter: contains a set of hydrocyclones that separate sand and sediment from drilling fluid.
- Drawworks: (# 7) is a mechanical part that contains a coil, whose main function is to scroll in/outside the drill line to raise/lower the traveling block (# 11).
- Drill bit: (# 26) is a device attached to the end of a drill string that breaks a rock being drilled. It contains a jet in which the drilling fluid is out.
- Drill pipe: (# 16) Hollow pipe joints are used to connect the surface equipment to the lower hole assembly (BHA) and act as a drilling fluid conduit. In the diagram, this is the "stand" of the drill pipe which is 2 or 3 joints of drill pipe connected together and "stand" in the crane vertically, usually to save time when tripping the pipe.
- Elevator: a gripping device used to attach to a drill pipe or casing to facilitate lower or lift (from pipe or casing) into or out of the borehole.
- Sludge motors: hydraulically turned devices that are placed just above the drill bit used to rotate bits separately from the rest of the drill string.
- Sludge pump: (# 4) reciprocal type pump used to drain the drilling fluid through the system.
- The mud tank: (# 1) is often called a mud pit, providing drilling fluid reserves until needed at the wellbore.
- The turntable: (# 20) plays the drill string along with the tool and attached bit.
- Shale shaker: (# 2) separates the drill cuttings from the drilling fluid before it is pumped back into the borehole.
Workplace safety
Drilling rig creates several security challenges for those who work on them. One of the safety issues is the use of seatbelts for workers who are driving between two locations. Motor vehicle deaths in employment for these workers are 8.5 times that of the other US worker population, which can be attributed to the low level of seat belt use.
See also
- Boring
- Flame jet drill
- Mineral exploration
- The oil platform
- Oil well
- Pumpjack
- Subsea
References
External links
- OSHA guides for drill rig
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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