Malicious items or dangerous goods are solids, liquids, or gases that may harm people, other living organisms, property or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations. In the United States, Great Britain, and sometimes in Canada, dangerous goods are more commonly known as hazardous materials (abbreviated as HAZMAT or hazmat ). Hazmat Team is specially trained personnel to handle dangerous goods, including materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergic. Also include physical conditions such as compressed gases or liquids or hot materials, including all articles containing materials or chemicals, or may have other characteristics that make them harmful under certain circumstances.
In the United States, dangerous goods are often marked with diamond-shaped signs on items (see NFPA 704), their containers, or buildings where they are stored. The color of each diamond indicates the danger, for example, that flammability is indicated in red, since fire and heat are generally red, and explosives are indicated by orange, because red mixing (combustible) with yellow (oxidizing agents) creates orange. Non-combustible or non-toxic gases are indicated in green, as all compressed air vessels are this color in France after World War II, and France is where the hazmat identification diamond system originated.
Video Dangerous goods
Handling
Mitigating risks associated with hazardous materials may require the implementation of security precautions during transportation, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials according to law, and they are subject to some international agreements as well. Even so, different countries may use different grade diamonds for the same product. For example, in Australia, Anhydrous Ammonia UN 1005 is classified as 2,3 (Toxic Gas) with sub-risk 8 (Corrosive), whereas in the US it is classified as 2.2 (Non-combustion gas).
People who handle dangerous items will often wear protective gear, and the metropolitan fire department often has a specially trained response team to handle accidents and spills. Persons who may be in contact with hazardous goods as part of their work are also frequently subjected to health monitoring or surveillance to ensure that their exposure does not exceed the limits of occupational exposure.
Laws and regulations on the use and handling of hazardous materials may vary depending on the activity and status of the material. For example, a set of terms may apply for use at work while a set of different requirements may apply to spill response, sales for consumer use, or transportation. Most countries manage some aspects of hazardous materials.
Maps Dangerous goods
Global rules
The most applied regulatory scheme is to transport dangerous goods. The United Nations Economic and Social Council issues the United Nations Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which forms the basis for most regional, national, and international regulatory schemes. For example, the International Civil Aviation Organization has developed regulations of dangerous goods for air transport of hazardous materials based on the UN Model but modified to accommodate unique aspects of air transport. Each airline and governmental requirements are hereby incorporated by the International Air Transport Association to produce the widely used IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). Similarly, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the International Maritime Code of Maritime Goods ("IMDG Code", part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) for the transport of dangerous goods by sea. IMO Member States have also developed the HNS Convention to compensate in the event of a spill of dangerous goods at sea.
The Intergovernmental Organization for International Transport by Rail has developed a Regulation on International Freight of Dangerous Goods by Railway ("RID", part of the Convention on International Freight by Train). Many individual countries have also drafted their dangerous goods transport regulations to harmonize with the UN Model within the organization as well as in special requirements.
The Global Garmed harmonized Classification and Labeling System (GHS) is an internationally agreed system defined to replace the various classifications and labeling standards used in various countries. GHS will use consistent criteria for classification and labeling at the global level.
Classify and label summary table
Malicious items are divided into nine classes (in addition to several subcategories) based on specific chemical characteristics that generate risk.
Note: The graphs and text in this article that represent the security marks of dangerous goods are from a UN-based system to identify dangerous goods. Not all countries use exactly the same graphs (labels, placards and/or textual information) in their national regulations. Some use graphic symbols, but without English words or with the same words in their national language. See Transportation Rules for Dangerous Goods from the countries of interest.
For example, see TDG Bulletin: Security Signs of Dangerous Goods under Canadian Transportation Dangerous Goods Regulations.
The above statement applies equally to all classes of Dangerous Goods discussed in this article.
Other dangerous material labels (CHIP)
Drawn from UNECE Globally Harmonized Classification and Labeling Systems (GHS)
Australasia
Australia
The Dangerous Goods Code of Australia, 7th ed. (2008) complies with international standards for the import and export of hazardous goods in line with the UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Australia uses a standard international UN number with some slightly different marks on the back, front and side of vehicles carrying hazardous materials. The country uses the same "Hazchem" code system as the United Kingdom to provide advisory information to emergency services personnel in the event of an emergency.
New Zealand
New Zealand Road Transportation Rules: Dangerous Goods 2005 and Amendments to Dangerous Goods 2010 explain rules applied to the transport of dangerous and dangerous goods in New Zealand. The system strictly follows the United Nations Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and uses placards with the Hazchem code and UN numbers on the packaging and exterior of the transport vehicle to convey information to emergency services personnel.
Drivers carrying commercially harmful goods, or carrying amounts that exceed the rule guidelines should receive D (dangerous goods) support on their driving license. Drivers who carry a certain amount of goods under the rule guide and for recreational or domestic purposes do not require special support.
Canada
Transport of dangerous goods (hazardous materials) in Canada by road is usually a provincial jurisdiction. The federal government has jurisdiction over the air, most of the sea, and most rail transport. The federal government acts centrally to create federal transport of hazardous goods and regulations, which are applied in the province as a whole or in part through provincial transportation of hazardous goods legislation. The result is that all provinces use federal regulations as their standard in their province; some minor variations can exist because of the provincial law. The creation of federal regulations is coordinated by Transport Canada. Hazard classification is based on the UN Model.
Provincial action of dangerous goods transport Nova Scotia can be seen here: Transportation Law Dangerous Goods
Provincial regulatory transport of dangerous goods Nova Scotia can be seen here: Regulations Transportation of Dangerous Goods
Website of Dangerous Goods The federal government transportation is located here: Transport of Dangerous Goods
Beyond federal facilities, labor standards generally fall under the jurisdiction of each province and region. However, communications on hazardous materials at work have been standardized across the country through Canada Health Workplace Hazards Information System (WHMIS).
Europe
The EU has passed many directives and regulations to avoid spreading and limiting the use of hazardous substances, what matters is the Guidelines on Restriction of Hazardous Substances and REACH regulations. There are also old European agreements such as ADR and RID governing the transport of hazardous materials by road, rail, river, and inland waterways, following the guidance of the UN Model Rules.
European law distinguishes clearly between the laws of dangerous goods and the laws of hazardous materials. The former refers primarily to the transport of the goods concerned, including temporary storage, if caused by transportation. The latter describes the storage requirements (including warehousing) and the use of hazardous materials. This distinction is important, as different directions and laws of Europe are applied.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom (as well as Australia, Malaysia and New Zealand) uses the Hazchem warning plates system that carries information about how emergency services should handle incidents. The Emergency Action Code Listing List (EAC) list of dangerous goods; is reviewed every two years and is an important compliance document for all emergency services, local governments and for those who can control planning for, and prevention, emergencies involving dangerous goods. The latest version of 2015 is available from the National Chemical Emergency Center (NCEC) website.
United States
Due to the increasing threat of terrorism in the early 21st century after the September 11, 2001 attacks, funding for greater hazmat handling capabilities was enhanced throughout the United States, recognizing that flammable, toxic, explosive, or radioactive materials could in particular be used for terrorist attacks.
The Channel Safety and Dangerous Goods Administration regulates hazmat transport within US territory with Title 49 of the Federal Regulatory Code .
The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the handling of hazardous substances in the workplace as well as response to incidents related to hazardous substances, particularly through B3 Waste and Emergency Operations (HAZWOPER ). regulations found at 29 CFR 1910.120.
In 1984, the OSHA, EPA, USCG, NIOSH agencies jointly issued the first B3 Waste Operation and Disaster Relief Manual available for download, or can be purchased from the US Government Printing Office, Pub. 85-115.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous materials as they can impact on people and the environment, including special regulations for environmental cleanup and for the handling and disposal of hazardous waste materials. For example, transport of hazardous materials is regulated by the Transportation Law of Dangerous Materials. The Conservation and Resource Recovery Act is also legalized to better protect human health and the environment.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission sets out hazardous materials that can be used in products sold for household and other consumer goods.
Hazard class for materials in transportation
Following the UN Model, DOT split dangerous materials organized into nine classes, some of which were subdivided. Hazardous materials in transportation should be clad and have certain packaging and labels. Some materials should always be marked, others may only require impingement in certain circumstances.
Trailer goods in transportation usually marked with four digit UN numbers. This number, together with hazmat's standard information notes, may be referred to by first responders (firefighters, police officers, and ambulance personnel) who can find information about material in the Emergency Response Handbook .
Fixed facilities
Different standards usually apply to the handling and marking of hazmats at a fixed facility, including signs of NFPA 704 diamonds (consensus standards often adopted by local government jurisdictions), OSHA regulations requiring chemical safety information for employees, and CPSC requirements requiring informative labeling to the public, as well as wearing a hazmat suit when handling hazardous materials.
Packing group
The packing group is used for the purpose of determining the level of protective packaging required for Dangerous Goods during transportation.
- Group I: great danger, and most protective packaging is required. Several combinations of different classes of dangerous goods on the same vehicle or in the same container are prohibited if one of these items is Group I.
- Group II: moderate danger
- Group III: small hazards between regulated goods, and the smallest protective packaging in transportation requirements
Transport documents
One of the transport regulations is that, as aids during emergency situations, written instructions on how to handle those needs should be done and easily accessible in the driver's cab.
License or license cards for hazmat training should be indicated when requested by the official.
Delivery of dangerous goods also requires a special statement form prepared by the sender. Among generally required information including the name and address of the sender; the name and address of the consignee; description of each hazardous item, together with the quantity, classification, and packaging; and emergency contact information. The general format includes those issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for air and form shipments by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for sea freight.
See also
References
Further reading
- Sender's Guide to Loading and Safeguarding Dangerous Goods/Dangerous Goods in Intermodal Equipment - Highways, Railways and Water , October 1999, Professional Packing Institute
- ASTM D4919-03 Standard Specification for Danger Material Packing Testing
External links
- Media related to Dangerous goods on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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