Botswana

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Botswana ( ), officially Botswana Republic (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana ), is a landlocked country located in South Africa. Previously the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted a new name after becoming independent in the Commonwealth on September 30, 1966. Since then, he has maintained a stable representative democratic tradition, with a consistent record of undisturbed democratic elections and the best perceived corruption. ranked in Africa at least since 1998.

Botswana is flat topographically, with up to 70 percent of its territory the Kalahari Desert. It borders South Africa in the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia in the north near Kazungula is not well-defined, but, at longest, a few hundred meters in length.

As a middle country with a population of over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the world's most rare nations. About 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city of Gaborone. Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a per capita GDP of around US $ 70 per year by the late 1960s - Botswana has since turned itself into one of the fastest growing countries in the world. The economy is dominated by mining, livestock, and tourism. Botswana boasts a per capita GDP (purchasing power parity) of around $ 18,825 per year by 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa. High gross national income (according to some of the fourth largest estimates in Africa) provides a relatively high standard of living and the highest Human Development Index of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Botswana is a member of the African Union, the South African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. The country became one of the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite the success of the program to provide care for those infected, and to educate the public in general about how to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of people with AIDS increased from 290,000 in 2005 to 320,000 by 2013. By 2014, Botswana had the highest prevalence third for HIV/AIDS, with about 20% of the population of infected adults.

Video Botswana

Etimologi

The name of the country means "Tswana land", referring to the dominant ethnic group in Botswana. The term Batswana was originally applied to Tswana, which is still so. However, it has also been used generally as a demonym for all Botswana citizens. Many English dictionaries also recommend the term Botswanan to refer to Botswana people.

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History

Initial history

Archaeological excavations have shown that hominids have lived in Botswana for about two million years. The stone tools and fauna remains have shown that all regions of the country were inhabited at least 400,000 years ago. The evidence left behind by modern humans like cave paintings is about 73,000 years old. The natives of South Africa are the Bushmen (San) and the Khoi. Both speak Khoisan language and hunt, gather, and trade long distances. When the cow was first introduced about 2000 years ago to southern Africa, shepherding became a key feature of the economy, as it had a vast grassland free of tsetse flies.

It is not clear when the Bantu speaking people first moved to the country from the north, although AD 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. In those days, modern Kalanga ancestors moved into what is now the northeastern region of the country. Proto-Kalanga is closely related to countries in Zimbabwe as well as Mapungubwe country. These countries, which lie outside the current Botswana frontier, seem to have been rearing large livestock in what is now Central District - seemingly at a rate close to the density of modern livestock. This large ranch complex grew until 1300 or so, and seems to have regressed after the fall of Mapungubwe. During this era, the first Tswana-speaking groups, Bakgalagadi, moved to the southern region of Kalahari. All these different people are connected with the trade routes that flow through the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia such as beads make their way to Botswana most likely in exchange for the ivory, gold, and rhinoceros horns.

The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana speakers who came to rule the territory was not yet properly determined. Members of Bakwena, a tribal chief under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way to southern Kalahari in 1500 AD, at the latest, and his men pushed the western Bakgalagadi into the desert. Over the years, several branches of Bakwena moved into adjacent territory. The Bangwaketse region occupies the area in the west, while Bangwato moves northeast into the earlier Bakalanga areas. Not long afterwards, a branch of Bangwato known as Batawana migrated to the Okavango Delta, probably in the 1790s.

Effects of Mfecane

The first written record relating to modern Botswana appeared in 1824. What this record shows is that Bangwaketse has become a major force in the region. Under Makaba II, Bangwaketse keeps a huge herd of cattle in a well-protected desert area, and uses their military power to attack their neighbors. Other tribal leaders in the area, at this time, have a capital of 10,000 or more and are quite prosperous. This equilibrium ended during the Mfekane period, 1823-1843, when the succession of attacks from South Africa entered the country. Though Bangwaketse was able to defeat the invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the chiefs of Botswana were attacked, weakened, and impoverished. Bakololo and Amandebele raided repeatedly, and took large numbers of cattle, ladies and children from Batswana - most of whom were driven to deserts or holy places like hills and caves. Only after 1843, when Amandebele moved to western Zimbabwe, did this threat subside.

During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and allowed the Batswana tribe leaders to rebuild. Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana work together to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then use the proceeds to import horses and weapons, which in turn allows them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely completed in 1880, and thus the Bushmen, Bakalanga, Bakgalagadi, and other minorities are currently conquered by the Batswana.

Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on the border of Botswana in the Transvaal. In 1852, a coalition led by Tswana led by Sechele I rejected the Afrikaner attack, and after about eight years of intermittent tension and hostility, finally reached a peace agreement at Potchefstroom in 1860. Since then, the modern frontier between South Africa and Botswana was agreed, and Afrikaner and Batukar trade and work together peacefully.

Due to the new conditions of peace, trade flourished between 1860 and 1880. Taking advantage of this was Christian missionaries. The Lutheran and London Missionary Society were both established in the country in 1856. In 1880 every major village had a missionary population, and their influence gradually became noticeable. Khama III (ruled 1875-1923) was the first of Tswana's leaders to make Christianity a state religion, and changed many of Tswana's customary laws as a result. Christianity became the de facto official religion in all major countries in World War I.

Colonialism and Establishment of Bechuanaland Protectorate

During the Battle of Africa, the Botswana region was coveted by Germany and Great Britain. During the Berlin Conference, the British decided to annex Botswana to guard the Way to the North and thereby connect the Cape Colony to its territory further north. This unilaterally annexed the Tswana region in January 1885 and then sent the Warren Expedition to the north to consolidate control of the territory and convince the leaders to accept British opposition. Despite their misgivings, they finally agreed on this fait accompli.

In 1890 the northern region of 22 degrees was added to the new Bechuanaland Protector. During the 1890s the new territory was divided into eight different reserves, with a small enough amount of land remaining as the right for white settlers. During the early 1890s the British government decided to submit the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company. This plan, which is in the process of coming to fruition despite the demands of the Tswana leaders who toured Britain in protest, was ultimately thwarted by Jameson's failed attack in January 1896.

When the South African Union was formed in 1910 from the major British colonies in the region, Bechuanaland Protektorat, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland (High Commission Territories) were excluded, but provisions were made for their merger later. However, the British began to consult with the residents about their wishes. Although the South African government is trying to keep its territory transferred to their jurisdiction, Britain continues to delay; consequently, it never happened. The election of the Nationalist government in 1948, which instituted apartheid, and the withdrawal of South Africa from the Commonwealth in 1961, terminated the prospects of Britain or the territories that approved the merger to South Africa.

The expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the formation of two advisory boards in 1920 to represent Africans and Europeans. The African Council consists of eight Tswana tribal chiefs and several elected members. The proclamation of 1934 regulated tribal rule and authority. The European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.

Independence

In June 1964, the British Empire accepted a proposal for self-governing democracy in Botswana. The central government was moved in 1965 from Mafikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone, which lies near the border with Botswana with South Africa. Under the 1965 constitution, the country held its first general election under universal suffrage and gained independence on 30 September 1966. Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and legitimate prosecutor for the leadership of Ngwato, was elected the first President, and was re-elected twice.

The presidency was forwarded to the seated Vice-President, Quett Masire, who was elected to his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his book. his own right in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency was passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (the son of the first President), who has served as Vice President of Mogae since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of the Botswana Defense Force to take on this civilian role.

A prolonged dispute on the northern border with Caprivi Strip of Namibia was the subject of a decision by the International Court of Justice in December 1999. It was decided that Kasikili Island belonged to Botswana.

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Geography

At 581,730 km ² (224,607 sqÃƒ, mi) Botswana is the 48th largest country in the world. Its size is almost the same as Madagascar or French. It lies between latitude 17 Ã‚ Â° and 27 Ã‚ Â° S, and longitude 20 Ã‚ Â° and 30 Ã‚ Â° E.

The country is mostly flat, tending toward softly rolled soil. Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land surface. The Okavango Delta, one of the largest land deltas in the world, is in the northwest. Pan Makgadikgadi, a large salt pot, is located in the north.

The Limpopo River Valley, the main land form of all southern Africa, is partly located in Botswana, with its valley tributaries, Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mahalapswe, Lotsane, Motloutse, and Shashe, located in the eastern part of the country. The Notwane provides water to the capital via the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River is located north, providing a border between Botswana and Namibia in the Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (which means a small sausage tree, the point where Sebitwane and its Makololo crossed Zambezi to Zambia).

Ecology

Botswana has a wide variety of wildlife habitat areas. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannahs, where blue deer, antelope, and other mammals and birds are found. North Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of endangered African wild dogs. Chobe National Park, found in Chobe District, has the largest concentration of African elephants in the world. The park covers about 11,000 km ² (4,247 sqÃƒ, mi) and supports around 350 species of birds.

The Chobe National Park and Moremi Game Reserve (at Okavango Delta) are a major tourist destination. Other reserves include the Central Kalahari Game Reserve located in the Kalahari desert in Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Nxai Pan National Park are located in the Central District at Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where the Shashe River and Limpopo River meet in eastern Botswana. Another private reserve is the Mokolodi Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also special shelters such as the Khama Rhino Sanctuary (for rhinoceros) and the Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (for flamingo). They are both in the Central District.

Environmental issues

Botswana faces two major environmental problems: drought and desertification. The desertification problem comes primarily from the period of severe drought in the country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on groundwater due to drought. The use of ground water through drilling of drill holes in somewhat reduces the effects of drought. Rare surface water in Botswana and less than 5% of agriculture in the country are sustained with rainfall. In the remaining 95% of the country, raising livestock is a major source of rural incomes. Approximately 71% of state land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of desertification and soil erosion occurring in the country.

Since raising livestock has proved beneficial to Botswana residents, they continue to exploit the land. The animal population continues to increase dramatically. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock population increased from 1.7 million to 5.5 million. Similarly, the human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, almost a 200% increase. "More than 50% of all households in Botswana have livestock, which is currently the largest source of rural incomes." "Desert degradation or desertification is considered a decline in land productivity resulting from excessive stockpiles and overgrowning, or as a result of the collection of veld products for commercial use." Degradation is exacerbated by the effects of drought and climate change.

Environmentalists report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to increased livestock grazing. The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forest wetlands of Botswana and one of the world's largest land deltas; it is an important ecosystem for the survival of many animals.

The Ministry of Forestry and Resources Reach has begun implementing projects to reintroduce native vegetation to communities in Kgalagadi Selatan, North Kweneng and Boteti. Reintroducing indigenous vegetation will help land degradation. The United States government has also signed an agreement with Botswana, giving them $ 7 million dollars to reduce Botswana's debt of $ 8.3 million. The US provision that reduces Botswana's debt is that Botswana will focus on the conservation of the wider land.

The United Nations Development Program claims that poverty is the main problem behind the over-exploitation of resources, including land, in Botswana. To help change this, UNDP joins a project that begins in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The aim of the project is to draw from "indigenous knowledge and traditional land management systems". The leaders of this movement should be people in society, to draw them in, in turn increasing their chances of earning income and thereby reducing poverty. UNDP also states that governments should effectively implement policies to enable people to manage their own local resources and provide government information to assist policy development.

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Politics and government

The Botswana Constitution is the rule of law, which protects Botswana citizens and represents their rights. Botswana's politics takes place within the framework of the representative democratic republic, where President Botswana is the head of state and head of government, and the multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. The legislative powers are in the hands of the government and the Botswana Parliament. The last election, the eleventh, was held on October 24, 2014. Since independence was declared, the party system was dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party.

Judiciary

An independent judiciary of the executive and legislature. Botswana ranks 30th out of 167 countries in the 2012 Democracy Index. According to Transparency International, Botswana is the most corrupt country in Africa and ranks close to Portugal and South Korea.

It consists of a typical court system of the local Magistrates Court, the High Court and the Court of Appeals. The High Court is a high court with original jurisdiction which is not limited to hearing and determining any civil, criminal or constitutional cases based on law. Appeals may be heard by the Court of Appeals. The Chief Justice is the Chief Justice.

The Court of Appeal is the highest and final tribunal in the country and handles appeals from the Court of Appeal and the Industrial Court. The Head of the Court of Appeal is the Presidential Judge.

Judges are appointed by the President of Botswana upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

Hakim Kepala :

1968-1971 John Richard Dendy-Young
1972-1975 Akinola Aguda
1975-1977 George O.L. Dyke
1977-1981 Hayfron Benjamin
1981-1987 O'Brien Quinn
1987-1992 Livesey Luke
1992-1997 Moleleki Didwell Party
1997-2010 Julian Mukwesu Ngunu
Berup Maruping 2010-cover

With regard to the legal profession, although the Botswana Legal Society has existed since 1997, there is still no clear indication on their list of lawyers regarding how certain demographics, such as women, have fared well in law.

Foreign and military relations

At the time of independence, Botswana did not have an armed force. Only after the Rhodesians and South Africans attacked each of the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe based that the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) was formed in 1977. The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces and appoints a defense council and the BDF currently consists of about 60,000 soldiers.

Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF mission is increasingly focused on preventing hunting, preparation for disasters, and the maintenance of foreign peace. The United States has become the largest single foreign donor to BDF development, and most officer corps have received US training. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the possibility of establishing an African Command base (AFRICOM) in the country.

Human rights

Many San natives have been forcibly transferred from their land to the reservation. To get them moved, they are denied access to water from their land and face arrest if they are hunted, which is their main food source. Their land is located in the middle of the richest diamond field in the world. Officially, the government denies that it has anything to do with mining and claims that relocation is to preserve wildlife and ecosystems, even though San people have been living on land for thousands of years. On booking, they struggle to find work and alcoholism is rampant.

Homosexual acts are illegal in Botswana, as in many African countries.

Death sentences in Botswana include death sentences suspended.

The Botswana Center for Human Rights, Ditshwanelo, was founded in 1993.

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Administrative division

The nine districts of Botswana are: Southern District, Southeast District, Kweneng District, Kgatleng District, Central District (Central Serowe/Palapye, Central Mahalapye, Central Bobonong, Central Boteti and Central Tutume), North-East District, Northwest District (Ngamiland District, Okavango District and Chobe District), Ghanzi District and Kgalagadi District (South Kgalagadi District and North Kgalagadi District).

Botswana councils formed from city or city councils are: Gaborone City, Francistown, Lobatse Town, Selebi-Phikwe Town, Jwaneng Town, Orapa City and Sowa City.

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Economy

Since independence, Botswana has one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the world. Botswana has transformed itself from one of the world's poorest countries into a middle-income country. Although Botswana has abundant resources, a good institutional framework allows countries to reinvest revenue sources to generate stable future income. By one estimate, he has the fourth highest gross national income on purchasing power parity in Africa, giving him standard of living around Mexico.

The Ministry of Commerce and Industry Botswana is responsible for promoting business development throughout the country. According to the International Monetary Fund, economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a high degree of economic freedom compared to other African countries. The government has maintained a sound fiscal policy, despite the successive budget deficits in 2002 and 2003, and the level of foreign debt that can be ignored. It earned the highest credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled its foreign exchange reserves (over $ 7 billion in 2005/2006) by nearly two and a half years from current imports.

Various financial institutions fill the country's financial system, with pensions and commercial banks being the two most important segments based on asset size. Banks remain profitable, strong capital, and liquid, as a result of rising national resources and high interest rates. The Bank of Botswana serves as the central bank. The country's currency is Botswana anyway.

The competitive banking system of Botswana is one of the most advanced in Africa. In general adhering to global standards in the transparency of financial policy and banking supervision, the financial sector provides much access to credit for entrepreneurs. The Capital Bank opened in 2008. In August 2015, there are a dozen banks licensed in the country. The government is involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and special financial incentive programs aimed at improving Botswana's status as a financial center. Credit is allocated based on market requirements, although the government provides subsidized loans. Reform of non-bank financial institutions has continued in recent years, primarily through the creation of a single financial oversight body that provides more effective oversight. The government has removed exchange controls, and by generating new portfolio investment options, Botswana Stock Exchange is growing.

The Constitution provides an independent tribunal, and the government respects this in practice. The legal system is sufficient to engage in safe commercial transactions, although a serious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of intellectual property rights has increased significantly. Botswana ranks second only to South Africa among sub-Saharan African countries in the 2014 International Property Rights Index.

Although generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana has several sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays an important role in the privatization of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and bureaucratic procedures are lean and open, albeit a bit slow. Returns on investments such as earnings and dividends, debt services, capital gains, intellectual property returns, royalties, franchise fees, and service fees may be discharged indefinitely.

Botswana imports petroleum and electrical products from South Africa. There are several domestic electricity production from coal.

Gemstones and precious metals

In Botswana, the Department of Mining and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security led by Hon Sadique Kebonang in Gaborone, holds data on mining across the country. Debswana, the largest diamond mining company operating in Botswana, is 50% owned by the government. The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government revenue. In 2007, large quantities of uranium were discovered, and mining is projected to begin in 2010. Several international mining companies have established regional headquarters in Botswana, and have prospects for diamonds, gold, uranium, copper and even oil, many of which return positively results. The government announced in early 2009 that they would try to divert their economic dependence on diamonds, for the serious concern that diamonds are expected to dry up in Botswana over the next twenty years.

Botswana Orapa Mine is the world's largest diamond mine in terms of the value and quantity of rust produced annually. Estimated to generate more than 11 million carats by 2013, at an average price of $ 145/carat, Orapa's mines are estimated to produce diamonds worth more than $ 1.6 billion by 2013.

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Demographics

The Tswana is a major ethnic group in Botswana, which accounts for 79% of the population. The largest ethnic minority groups are BaKalanga, and San or AbaThwa, also known as Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bakgalagadi. In addition, there are a small number of whites and Indians, both groups of approximately the same number. The Botswana Indian population consists of many Indian-Africans of several generations, with some migrating from Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as well as Indian first-generation immigrants. The white population speaks English and Afrikaans and reaches about 3% of the population.

Since 2000, due to the deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the population of Zimbabwe in Botswana has risen to tens of thousands.

Less than 10,000 San people are still living their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Since the mid-1990s, Botswana's central government has been trying to move San from their historic land. James Anaya, as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples for the UN in 2010, described the loss of land as a major contributor to many of the problems facing Botswana indigenous people, citing the expulsion of San of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) main. Among Anaya's recommendations in the report to the United Nations Human Rights Council is that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous peoples such as the San people and Bakgalagadi, activities that are culturally compatible with such communities such as hunting and traditional gathering.

Language

Botswana's official language is English though Setswana is widely used throughout the country. In Setswana, the prefix is â€‹â€‹more important than many other languages, since Setswana is a Bantu language and has a noun class symbolized by this prefix. They include Bo , which refers to the country, Ba , which refers to people, Mo Se which is a language. For example, Botswana's main ethnic group is Tswana, so the name Botswana for his country. The people as a whole are Botswana people, one person is a Motswana, and the language they use is Setswana.

Other languages â€‹â€‹used in Botswana include Kalanga (sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele,! XÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â³ÃƒÆ'Ã‚Î¼ and, in some parts, Afrikaans.

Religion

It is estimated that 77% of citizens identify themselves as Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the Congregational of Southern Africa Church make up the majority of Christians. There are also Lutheran congregations, Baptists, Roman Catholics, Latter-day Saints (Mormon), Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonite, Seventh-day Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. In Gaborone, the Lutheran Historical Center is open to the public.

According to the 2001 census, the country has about 5,000 Muslims, mainly from South Asia, 3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha'is. About 20% of the people do not support religion. Religious services are well attended in rural and urban areas.

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Culture

In addition to referring to the dominant language of the community group in Botswana, Setswana is an adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of Batswana - whether interpreted as members of the Tswana ethnic group or all Botswana citizens. In Botswana most tribes have different ways that they use to greet each other, but for easy communication and batswana connections using a three-way hand grip or one can greet others by saying "Dumelang" as a way of saying "hello" without having to use hand shake. In community celebrations such as dikgafela or during marriage ceremonies, Botswana women show joy and happiness by using ululations as part of their culture.

Media

Botswana has two TV stations, one of which is owned by the government (Botswana television); 5 radio stations and 7 newspapers published each week.

Music

Botswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes use of heavy string instruments. Botswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (Botswana miniature pianos), Segankure/Segaba (Botswana version of Chinese Erhu instrument), Moropa (Meropa-plural) (Botswana version of various types of drums), phala (Botswana version of the whistle used mostly during the celebration, which comes in various forms). Botswana's musical instrument is not limited to strings or drums. hands are used as musical instruments as well, by tapping them together or against phathisi (goat skins that are reversed out of the calf area, used only by men) to create music and rhythm. Over the past few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile musical instrument for Tswana's music as it offers a variety of strings that Segaba instruments do not possess. It is the outsiders who find houses in the culture. The highlight of any celebration or event that shows especially happiness is dancing. It differs by regime, age, gender and status in groups or if it is a tribal activity, status within the community. The national anthem is Fatshe leno la hona. Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted at independence in 1966.

Visual art

In the northern part of Botswana, women in Etsha and Gumare villages are renowned for their skill in making baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. Baskets are usually woven into three types: large flanked baskets used for storage, large baskets open to carry objects in the head or to winnow the harvested grain, and smaller plates to sift the ground grain. The basket's essence is continuously enhanced through the use of color and enhanced design as they are increasingly being produced for the international market.

Other prominent artistic communities include Thamaga Pottery and Oodi Weavers, both located in the southeastern part of Botswana.

The oldest paintings from Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by Khoisan (! Kung San/Bushmen) more than twenty thousand years ago in the Kalahari desert.

Food

Botswana cuisine is unique but also has some characteristics with other cuisines in South Africa. Examples of Botswana food are pap (grits), boerewors, samples, Magwinya (fried dough bread) and mopani worms. The unique food for Botswana includes seswaa, a very salty mashed meat.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for Africa Cup of Nations 2012 being the highest achievement of the national team to date. Other popular sports are softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, and track and field. Botswana is a member of the International Cricket Council association. Botswana became a member of the International Badminton Federation and the African Badminton Federation in 1991. Botswana Golf Union offers an amateur golf league where golfers compete in tournaments and championships.

Botswana won the country's first Olympic medal in 2012 when runner Nijel Amos won silver in 800 meters. In 2011, Amantle Montsho became a world champion in 400 meters and won the first Botswana athletic medal on the world stage. Kabelo Kgosiemang's high jumper is an African champion three times.

Card game bridges have strong followers; first played in Botswana over 30 years ago, and its popularity increased during the 1980s. Many British school expatriate teachers unofficially teach games in Botswana high schools. Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988 and continues to organize tournaments. Bridge remains popular and BBF has more than 800 members. In 2007, BBF invited the British Union Bridge to organize a week-long teaching program in May 2008.

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Education

Botswana has made great progress in educational development since independence in 1966. At that time there were few graduates in the country and only a small percentage of the population attended high school. Botswana increased adult literacy rates from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.

With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue brought in, there is a huge increase in the provision of education in the country. All students are guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certificate qualification. About half of the school's population attended two more years of secondary school leading to the granting of the Botswana Secondary Certificate of General Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in Botswana is not free or mandatory.

After leaving school, students may attend one of seven technical colleges in the country, or take vocational training courses in teaching or nursing. Students enter Botswana University, Botswana Agriculture College, Botswana University of Science and Technology, and Botswana Accounting Academy in Gaborone. Many other students end up in many private universities across the country. Notable among these is Botho University, the first private university in the country that offers undergraduate programs in Accounting, Business and Computing. Another international university is the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology that offers a variety of associate degrees in Creative Arts. Other tertiary institutions include Ba Isago, ABM University College, the largest business and management school, the New Era, the Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, the Gaborone University College Of Law, and the Professional Studies. The remarkable step in providing quality education has been done by private education providers in such a way that the greatest number of the best students in the country now apply it as well. Most of these students are sponsored by the government. The international university of the two countries, the Botswana University of Science and Technology, was completed in Palapye in 2011.

Quantitative increases are not always matched by qualitative ones. Primary schools are particularly lacking in resources, and teachers are less paid than their high school counterparts. The Botswana Education Ministry works to establish a library in primary schools in partnership with the Africa Library Project. The Botswana government hopes that by investing most of the national income in education, the country will become less dependent on diamonds for its economic viability, and less dependent on expatriates for skilled workers. This objective is partly taken up by a policy that supports vocational education, collected in the NPVET (National Policy on Education and Vocational Training), aimed at "integrating various types of vocational and training education into a comprehensive system". Botswana invests 21% of government spending in education.

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education although the government still provided a full scholarship of living expenses to every Botswana citizen at the university either at Botswana University or if students wanted to pursue education in any field not offered locally, like drugs, they are given full scholarships to study abroad.

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Science and technology

Botswana plans to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining. To this end, the government has established six hubs since 2008, in the agricultural, diamond, innovation, transportation, health and education sectors.

Botswana publishes the National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, in a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID). This policy aims to take the challenge of rapid technological evolution, globalization and the achievement of national development objectives formulated in high-level strategic documents covering Botswana the Tenth National Development Plan through 2016 and Vision 2016 >

The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of increasing gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R & D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to more than 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can only be achieved within a certain time frame by increasing public spending on R & D.

Despite the low level of financial investment in the study, Botswana calculates one of the highest research densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million population (in terms of head), compared with an average of 91 per million inhabitants for sub-continents by 2013.

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Health

General

The Ministry of Health in Botswana is responsible for overseeing the quality and distribution of health care across the country. Life expectancy at birth was 55 in 2009 according to the World Bank, having previously fallen from a 64.1 peak in 1990 to a 49-year low in 2002. After the 2011 Botswana census, life expectancy is currently estimated at 54.06 years.

The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organization. This association is a member of the Union for International Cancer Control. The Association complements existing services through the provision of cancer prevention and health awareness programs, facilitates access to healthcare services for cancer patients and offers support and counseling for those affected.

HIV/AIDS epidemic

As elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economic impact of AIDS is considerable. Economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002-3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and increased spending on health services. Botswana was devastated by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006 it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had decreased from 65 to 35 years. However, after Botswana 2011, life expectancy is currently estimated at 54.06 years.

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana is estimated at 25.4% for adults aged 15-49 in 2009 and 21.9% by 2013, exceeded by Lesotho and Swaziland in sub-Saharan African countries. This places Botswana at the third highest prevalence in the world, by 2013, while "leading the way in prevention and treatment programs". In 2003, the government initiated a comprehensive program involving free or inexpensive generic antiretroviral drugs as well as information campaigns designed to stop the spread of the virus; by 2013, more than 40% of adults in Botswana have access to antiretroviral therapy. In the 15-19 age group, the prevalence is estimated at about 6% for women and 3.5% for men by 2013, and for the 20-24 age group, 15% for women and 5% for men. Botswana is one of the 21 priority countries identified by the UN AIDS Group in 2011 in the Global Plan to eliminate new HIV infections among children and to keep their mothers alive. From 2009 to 2013, the country has fallen more than 50% in new HIV infections in children. A further measure of success, or reason for hope, in addressing HIV in Botswana, is that less than 10% of HIV-infected pregnant women do not receive antiretroviral drugs by 2013, with the same large decrease (more than 50%) in the number of infections HIV among children under 5. Among the countries of the UN Global Plan, people living with HIV in Botswana have the highest percentage receiving antiretroviral treatment: about 75% for adults (age 15) and about 98% for children -child.

With the Mother-to-Child Prevention program nationwide, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%. Under the leadership of Festus Mogae, the Botswana Government requested outside help in the fight against HIV/AIDS and received initial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Merck Foundation, and jointly established the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Other early partners include the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, the Harvard School of Public Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. According to UNAIDS Report 2011, universal access to treatment - defined as coverage of 80% or greater - has been achieved in Botswana.

Potential reasons for high HIV prevalence in Botswana include simultaneous sexual partnerships, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, and a large number of people traveling outside of their local communities in pursuit of employment. The polyamorous nature of many sexual relations further impacts the health situation, so far it has spawned a unique love vocabulary in the region.

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Tourism

The Botswana Tourism Organization is the country's official tourism group. Especially, tourists visit Gaborone because this city has many activities for visitors. The Lion Park Resort is the first permanent amusement park in Botswana and organizes events like birthday parties for families. Other destinations in Botswana include Gaborone Yacht Club and Kalahari Fishing Club and nature attractions such as Gaborone Dam and Mokolodi Nature Reserve. There is a golf course run by Botswana Golf Union (BGU). The Phakalane Golf Estate is a multi-million dollar club offering hotel accommodation and access to the golf course.

Museums in Botswana include:

Botswana National Museum in Gaborone
Museum Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) in Kanye
Museum Kgosi Sechele I in Molepolole
The Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe
Nhabe Museum in Maun
Phuthadikobo Museum in Mochudi
Supa Ngwano Museum Center in Francistown

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Source

Ãƒ, This article incorporates text from free content works. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 , 546-547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia: Added open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

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References

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Senin, 16 Juli 2018