A pearl is a hard sparkling object produced in soft tissues (especially the mantle) of live or other pared-out molluscs, such as conulariids. Just like a mollusk shell, pearls are composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in the form of small crystals, which have been deposited in concentric layers. Ideal pearls are perfectly round and smooth, but many other forms, known as baroque pearls, can occur. The best quality natural pearls have been highly regarded as gems and beauty objects for centuries. Because of this,
The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are very rare. This wild pearl is called a pearl of nature. Raising or farming pearls of pearl oysters and freshwater shells make most of them currently sold. Imitation pearls are also widely sold with cheap jewelry, but their color game quality is usually very bad and easily distinguishable from the original pearl. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry, but in the past were also used to decorate clothing. They have also been destroyed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations.
Whether wild or cultured, a quality pearl gem is almost always nacreous and iridescent, like the inside of the shell that produces it. However, almost all shelled mollusc species are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcarous concretions") of lower shine or fewer spheres. Although these can also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological laboratories and also under the rules of the US Federal Trade Commission, and are shaped in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosity.
Video Pearl
Etymology
The English word pearl comes from the French perle , derived from the Latin perna meaning foot, after bivalve ham or goat legs.
Maps Pearl
Definitions
All molluscs peeled can, through natural processes, produce a kind of "pearl" when an annoying microscopic object is trapped within the folds of its mantle, but most of these "pearls" are not valued as gems. The nacreous pearls, the most famous and most commercially significant, are mainly produced by two groups of bivalves or shellfish. The nacreous pearls are made of nacre layers, by the same life processes as those used in the secretion of the mother of pearls that coat the shell.
A natural (or wild) pearl, formed without human intervention, is very rare. Hundreds of pearl oysters or shells must be collected and opened, and then killed, to find even one wild pearl; over the centuries, this is the only way to get pearls, and why pearls take such amazing prices in the past. The cultivation of pearls is formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes.
One family of unusual pearl bivalves - pearl oysters - live in the sea, while others - very different bivalve groups - live in fresh water; this is a river shell like freshwater pearl shells. Salt water pearls can grow in some species of marine pearl oyster in the Pteriidae family. Freshwater pearls grow in certain species (but not all) of freshwater shells in Unionida orders, Unionidae and Margaritiferidae families.
Physical properties
The unique pearl luster depends on the reflection, refraction, and diffraction of light from the translucent layer. The thinner and more layers in the pearl, the smoother the luster. The color game that displays pearls is caused by overlapping layers in a row, which breaks down the light that falls on the surface. In addition, pearls (especially freshwater pearls cultivated) can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The best pearls have a metallic-like mirror.
Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in vinegar. Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even weak acid solutions because calcium carbonate crystals react with acetic acid in vinegar to form calcium acetate and carbon dioxide.
Freshwater and saltwater pearls
Freshwater and saltwater pearls sometimes look very similar, but they come from different sources.
Freshwater pearls are formed in various species of freshwater shells, the Unionidae family, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other freshwater bodies. These freshwater pearls do not only occur in warmer climates, but also in cooler climates such as Scotland (where they are protected by law). Most freshwater aquaculture pearls sold today are from China.
Saltwater pearls grow in pearl oysters, the Pteriidae family, which live in the oceans. Saltwater salt pearls are usually cultivated in protected lagoons or volcanic atolls.
Creation
Pearls form within certain mollusk shells as a potentially threatening defense mechanism such as parasites in the shell, or outside attacks that injure the mantle tissue. Molluscs create a pearl sac to seal irritation. Such pearls result from an analogous immune response in the human body to capture antigens by phagocytes (phagocytosis).
The molluskel coat (protective membrane) leaves a layer of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the form of mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs of the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) united by organic horns called conchiolin. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called nacre, which forms the mother-of-pearl. The common belief that sand grains act as irritants is rare. Typical stimuli include organic matter, parasites, or even damage that replaces the mantle tissue to other parts of the mollusk's body. These tiny particles or organisms enter when the shell's valve is open for feeding or respiration. In cultivated pearls, irritation is usually the introduced part of the mantle's epitelium, with or without a round bead (beads or cultured pearls without beads).
Natural pearl
Natural pearls are almost 100% calcium carbonate and conchiolin. It is thought that natural pearls are formed under a set of unintentional conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters the bivalve molluscs and settles in the shell. Mollusks, disturbed by intruders, form pearl bags from external mantle tissue cells and remove calcium carbonate and conchiolin to mask irritation. The process of this secretion repeated many times, resulting in pearls. Natural pearls have many shapes, with a perfectly sparse round shape.
Typically, natural pearl formation consists of a central brown zone formed by a columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes a columnar aragonite) and a yellow to white outer zone composed of nacre (tabular aragonite). On a pearl cross section like a diagram, two different materials can be seen. The presence of calcium carbonate-rich columns of organic matter shows the network of adolescent coats that formed during the early stages of pearl development. Living cells that are moved with well-defined tasks can continue to function in their new location, often resulting in cysts. Such removal may occur through injury. Fragile edges of the open shell and susceptible to damage and injury. Crabs, predators and other parasites such as worm larvae can produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are cut off from the lining. Embedded in conjunctive coat tissues, these cells can survive and form small pockets in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate, their natural product. This pocket is called a pearl bag, and grows over time with cell division. Teen coat tissue cells, according to their growth stage, remove columnar calcium carbonate from the inner surface of the pearl sac. In time, the external pearl cloak cell proceeds to the formation of a table-shaped aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown gravel becomes covered with a nacreous layer. During this process, the pearl sac seems to move into the shell; however, the pouch really is in the original relative position of the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows. After a few years, shapes of pearls and shells can be found by lucky pearl fishermen.
Pear cultivation
The cultivation of pearls is the response from the shell to the tissue implant. A small piece of mantle tissue (called graft ) from a donor shell is transplanted into the receiving shell, causing a pearl sac to form in which tissue precipitates calcium carbonate. There are a number of methods to produce cultured pearls: using freshwater or sea water, transplanting grafts into the mantle or into the gonads, and adding round beads as the core. Most saltwater pearls are cultivated with beads. Tradenames pearl cultivation is Akoya, white or golden South sea, and black Tahiti. Most of the beakless cultivation pearls are the mantles that grow in freshwater skins in China, and are known as freshwater aquaculture pearls.
Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by X-ray examination. Pearls of nucleic cultivation are often 'preformed' because they tend to follow the shape of the implant bead shell core. After the bead is put into the oyster, it secretes several layers of nacre around the beads; the pearls cultivated can then be harvested in just six months.
When cultured pearls with bead cores are x-rays, they show different structures with natural pearls (see diagram). A cultured pearl of beads shows a solid center without concentric growth rings, while natural pearls exhibit a series of concentric growth rings. A cultured pearl without beads (either from fresh water or salt water origin) can show growth rings, but also complex central cavities, witnesses of the first deposition of young pearl pouches.
Imitation pearl
Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are made only of pearls, coral or snail shells, while others are made of glass and coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient . Although imitation pearls are visible on the part, they do not have the same weight or softness as the original pearls, and their sheen will also be very dim.
Gemological identification
Well-equipped gem testing laboratories can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological X-ray equipment to inspect pearl centers. With X-rays it is possible to see pearl growth rings, where the layer of calcium carbonate is separated by a thin layer of konchiolin. Differentiation of natural pearls from cultured pearls instead of beads can be very difficult without using this X-ray technique.
Natural and cultured pearls can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a microscope. Another method to test imitation is by rubbing two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are really smooth, but the natural and cultured pearls are made up of nacre platelets, making them feel slightly gritty.
Natural pearl value
Good quality natural pearls are very rare gems. Their values ​​are determined equal to other noble gems, according to size, shape, color, surface quality, orientation and luster.
Single natural pearls are often sold as collector's goods, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few natural pearl strands are suitable, and that often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler Pierre Cartier bought the Fifth Avenue mansion which is now a New York Cartier store in lieu of the double pearl strands Cartier had collected over the years, at that time, worth US $ 1 million.)
The introduction and progress of cultured pearls hit the pearl industry hard. Pearl dealers openly debate the authenticity of these new cultured products, and make many consumers feel uncomfortable and confused about their much lower prices. Basically, controversy damages the image of natural pearls and cultivation. In the 1950s, when a large number of women in developed countries were able to buy their own pearl necklaces, natural pearls were reduced to an exclusive small niche in the pearl industry.
Origin of natural pearl
Previously, natural pearls are found in many parts of the world. Today natural pearls are limited mainly in Bahrain's open seas. Australia also has one of the world's fleet of pearl submarines. Australian divers pearl divers for southern sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south marine pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the number of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Therefore a large number of natural pearls are still found in the waters of the Indian Ocean of Australia from wild oysters. X-ray examination is needed to verify positively the natural pearls found today.
Type of cultured pearl
The Keshi Pearl, though often by chance, is not considered natural. They are a by-product of the culture process, and therefore do not occur without human intervention. They are very small, usually only a few millimeters. Keshi pearls are produced by various types of marine mollusks and freshwater shells in China. Keshi Pearl is actually a mistake in the process of cultured pearl hatchery. In cultured cultured pearls, a piece of muscle mantle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with the mother beads of pearl in the oyster. If a piece of mantle should be detached from the beads, a baroque form of pearls about the part of the mantle that is entirely nacre. Therefore, the Keshi pearl can be considered superior to the cultured pearls with the mother of the pearl beads center. In the cultured pearl industry, the resources used to create a false nokre baroque pearl is the drain on the production of cultured pearls. Therefore, they try to improve the culture technique so that keshi pearls do not occur. All nacre pearls may one day be confined to naturally-discovered pearls. Today many "keshi" pearls are actually deliberate, with the post-harvest skin back to the water to grow the pearls in the pearl pocket.
Pearl Tahiti, often referred to as black pearl, is highly appreciated for its scarcity; the culture process for them determines smaller output volumes and they can never be mass-produced because, as with most sea pearls, oysters can only beryti with one pearl at a time, while freshwater shells are capable of some pearl implants. Before the days of pearl cultivation, black pearls are rare and very valuable for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produce natural black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produce natural pearls altogether.
Since the development of pearl cultivation technology, black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera found in Tahiti and many other Pacific islands including Cook Islands and Fiji are being widely used to produce cultured pearls. The scarcity of cultured black pearls is now a "comparative" issue. Black cultured pearls are rare when compared to Chinese freshwater aquaculture pearls, and Japanese and Chinese pearls, and more precious than these pearls. However, it is more abundant than the pearl of the South Sea, which is more valuable than a cultured black pearl. This is only because the black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is much more abundant than the rare, rare, and larger pearl sea oyster Pinctada maxima , which can not be found in the lagoon, but which must be immersed as the number of marine habitats in the rare or growing in hatcheries.
Black pearls are very rarely black: usually green, purple, eggplant, blue, gray, silver or peacock (a mixture of several colors, like peacock feathers).
Black cultured pearls of black pearl oysters -
The correct definition of the South Sea pearl - as described by CIBJO and GIA - is a pearl produced by a pearl oyster Pinctada maxima . The Pearl of the South Sea is the color of their host Pinctada maxima oyster - and can be white, silver, pink, gold, beige, and any combination of these base colors, including the tones of the various colors of the rainbow shown in pearls nacre from the oyster shell itself.
The Pearl of the South Sea is the largest and rarest pearl of the pearl - making them the most precious. Appreciated for their beautiful 'orientation' or sparkle, the pearls of the South Sea are now planted in different parts of the world where Oyster Pinctada maxima can be found, with the best South Sea pearls produced by Paspaley along the remote coastline of Northern Australia- West. South Sea Pearls are white and silver tends to come from the Broome region of Australia, while the golden ones are more common in the Philippines and Indonesia.
A farm in the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, is cultivating pearls of black lipped Pinctada mazatlanica oysters and lips rainbow sterile pteria oysters. Also called Concha NÃÆ'¡car, the pearls of these rainbow oysters glow red under ultraviolet light.
From other species
Biologically, under the right circumstances, almost all of the mollusk peeled can produce a kind of pearl. However, most of these pearls do not have any luster or color. Most species of mollusks produce unattractive pearls, and sometimes they are not even durable, so they usually have no value at all, except perhaps for a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects were formerly referred to as "chalky concretions" by some gemologists, though a malacologist would still regard them as pearls. These priceless pearls are sometimes found in edible mussels, edible oysters, escargot slugs, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now only use the term 'pearls' (or, if appropriate, more descriptive terms 'non-nacreous pearls') when referring to such goods and, under Federal Trade Commission regulations, various pearls of molluscs may be referred to as 'Pearls', without qualification.
Some species produce pearls that can be of interest as gems. This species includes the bailer shell Melo , giant clams Tridacna , various species of shellfish, Pen shell Pinna , and Haliotis iris abalone species. Abalone pearls, or p? Ua, is a mabe pearl, or pearl blister, unique to the waters of New Zealand and is often referred to as the 'blue pearl'. They are admired for their extraordinary sheen and bright natural bright colors that are often compared to opals. Another example is the pearl conch (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely grown between the mantle and the queen's snail shell or the pink conch, Strombus gigas , large sea slugs or marine gastropods from the Caribbean Sea. These pearls, often pink, are a by-product of the conch shell industry, and best of all they feature a glittering optical effect associated with a chitch known as 'fire structure'.
A bit like gastropod pearls, this time more orange, very rarely found in horse shells Triplofusus papillosus .
The second largest pearl known to be discovered in the Philippines in 1934 and known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu . It is a chalky (non-nacreous) natural compression (pearl) of a giant shell. Since it does not grow in pearl oysters, it is not a pearl; otherwise the surface is shiny like porcelain. Another pearl of giant clams is known to exist, but this is a very large one weighing 14 pounds (6.4 kg).
The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) is found in the Philippines also by a fisherman from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island. A very large pearl has a width of 30 cm (1 foot), length 67 cm (2.2 feet) and weight 75 pounds (34 kg).
History
Pearl hunt
The ancient chronicles of Mahavamsa mention the growing pearl industry at the port of Oruwella in Mannar Bay in Sri Lanka. It also notes that eight varieties of pearls accompanied the embassy of Prince Vijaya to the king of Pandyan as well as the embassy of King Devanampiya Tissa to the Emperor Ashoka. Pliny the Elder (23-79AD) praises Bay fishery pearls as the most productive in the world.
For thousands of years, sea water pearls were taken by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf, Red Sea and Mannar Gulf. The evidence also shows the origin of prehistoric pearl diving in the region. Starting from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), the Chinese hunted extensively for sea water pearls in the South China Sea. In the 14th century Arabian Sea, the traveler Ibn Battuta provided the earliest description of the pearl diving by placing the umbilical cord to the waist of divers.
When the Spanish conquistadors arrive in the western hemisphere, they find that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, about 200 km north of the coast of Venezuela, is a large pearl bed (pearl oyster bed). One pearl was found and named, the pearl of La Peregrina, offered to the queen of Spain. According to Garcilasso de la Vega, who said that he saw La Peregrina in Seville in 1607, was discovered in Panama in 1560 by a slave worker who was rewarded with his freedom, and its owner with the Panama alcalde office.
Margarita pearls are very hard to find right now and are known for their unique yellowish color. The most famous Margarita necklace anyone can see today is the necklace that Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband, President John F. Kennedy made an official visit to Venezuela.
Before the beginning of the 20th century, the hunting of pearls was the most common way to harvest pearls. Divers manually pull oysters from the ocean floor and river bed and inspect them individually for pearls. Not all shells and oysters produce pearls. Within three tons, only three or four oysters produce perfect pearls.
British Isles
Pearl is one of the attractions that draws Julius Caesar to England. They are, for the most part, freshwater pearls from mussels. Pearling was banned in the US in 1998 due to the status of endangered river shells. The discovery and publicity about the sale to a large number of Abernethy pearls on the Tay River has resulted in the massive exploitation of shell colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors. When permitted it is done mainly by Scottish Travelers who finds varying pearls from river to river with the Oykel River in the Plateau which is famous for the best pink roses pearls. There are two companies in Scotland who have permission to sell freshwater pearls pre-1998.
Pearl cultivation
Currently, pearls of cultivation in the market can be divided into two categories. The first category includes cultured pearl beads, including Akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls grow gonads, and usually one pearl grows at a time. This limits the number of pearls in the harvest period. Pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2-4 years for Tahiti and South Seas, and 2-7 years for fresh water. This perliculture process was first developed by the English biologist William Saville-Kent who delivered the information to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan. The second category includes non-manic freshwater aquaculture pearls, such as the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has occurred in the last ten years when grain pebbles were compared with today's round pearls. In the past two years, large round multifaceted pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster.
The core beads in cultured pearl beads are generally polished balls made of freshwater shellfish. Together with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for a pearl sac, it is implanted operationally into the gonads (reproductive organs) of saltwater molluscs. In freshwater perliculture, only pieces of tissue are used in many cases, and inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host master. The oyster pearls of the South Sea and Tahiti, also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, survive after surgery to remove completed pearls, often implanted with new beads greater than. as part of the same procedure and then back to the water for 2-3 years of growth.
Despite common misperceptions, Mikimoto did not find the process of pearl cultivation. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by British biologist William Saville-Kent in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted a patent in 1916, and married Mikimoto's daughter. Mikimoto is able to use Nishikawa technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, this technology was immediately applied commercially to oak pearl oyster in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce pearl commercial plants in Akoya oysters. Mitsubishi's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the southern sea pearl oysters in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured southern sea pearl - although it was not until 1928 that the first commercial result of small pearls was successfully produced.
A genuine Japanese cultured pearl, known as the akoya pearl, is produced by a small pearl oyster species, Pinctada fucata martensii , no larger than 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 inches). , then akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are very rare and the price is high. Currently, hybrid molluscs are used in Japan and China in the production of Akoya pearls.
Pearl Cultivation is sold in cans for export markets. It's packed in Japan by I.C.P. Canning Plant (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) at Nagasaki Pref. Japan.
Pearl timeline
Mitsubishi embarked on pearl cultivation with oyster pearls of the South Sea in 1916, soon after commercialized technology patents. In 1931 the project showed signs of success, but was annoyed by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project has been restarted after the death of Tatsuhei, the project was halted at the beginning of World War II before significant pearl production was achieved.
After World War II, a new southern sea pearl project began in the early 1950s at Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia, and Burma. Japanese companies are involved in all projects using technicians from original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects. Kuri Bay is now the site of one of the largest and most famous pearl farms owned by Paspaley, the largest South Sea pearl producer in the world.
In 2010, China surpassed Japan in the production of Akoya pearls. Japan has all but stopped the production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of China's acoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often just matched and sorted), re-labeled as products from Japan, and exported.
In the last two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the southern Pacific and Indian Ocean. The biggest pearl oyster is Pinctada maxima , which is approximately the size of a dinner plate. The Pearl of the South Sea is characterized by its large size and warm sheen. Size up to 14 mm in diameter is not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl supplies 43 percent of the international Pearl South Sea market. Other important producers are Australia, Philippines, Myanmar and Malaysia.
Freshwater pearl cultivation
In 1914, pearl farmers began to develop cultured freshwater pearls using authentic pearl shells of Lake Biwa. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, is located near the city of Kyoto. The wide and successful use of Biwa Pearlsel is reflected in Biwa's pearl name, a phrase that at the same time is almost the same as freshwater pearls in general. Since the peak of production in 1971, when the pearl farmers Biwa produced six tons of pearl cultivation, pollution has led to virtual industrial extinction. Japanese pearl farmers recently cultivated hybrid pearl shells - a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, Hyriopsis cumingi , in Lake Kasumigaura. The industry is also almost stopped production, due to pollution.
Japanese pearl producers also invest in producing cultured pearls with freshwater shells in the Shanghai area of ​​China. Since then China has become the largest freshwater pearl producer in the world, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements, Japanese measurement units like momme and kan are sometimes found in the pearl industry).
Led by pearl pioneers, John Latendresse and his wife Chessy, the United States started cultured freshwater cultured pearls in the mid-1960s. National Geographic magazine introduced American cultured pearls as a commercial product in their August 1985 edition. Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but the commercial production of freshwater pearls has stopped.
Momme Weight
For many pearl merchants and wholesalers, the preferred weight size used for loose pearls and pearls is momme. Momme is a heavy measure used by Japanese for centuries. Currently, the weight of momme is still the standard measure unit used by most pearl merchants to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme is equal to 1/1000's. Reluctant to give up traditions, the Japanese government formalized the size in 1891 to be exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 kilograms. Therefore, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams.
In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan with silk fabrics, the momme became a unit that showed the quality of silk fabrics.
Although the millimeter range range is usually the first factor in determining the value of cultured pearl necklaces, the weight of momme pearl necklaces will allow the buyer to determine quickly whether the necklace has the right proportions. This is especially true when comparing the southern pearl neck pearls and the larger Tahiti.
In jewelry
The pearl value in jewelry is determined by the combination of luster, color, size, lack of surface defects and symmetry appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among these attributes, luster is the most important quality distinguishing pearl according to the jewelry.
However, all factors are equal, the greater the pearl the more valuable. A large round of pearls and perfect rarely and high value. Water-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.
Gallery
Shape
Pearls come in eight basic shapes: round, semi-spherical, buttons, drop, pear, oval, baroque, circled and double chunks. Perfect round pearls are the rarest and most precious form. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or pieces where the shape of a pearl can be disguised to look like perfect round pearls. Pearl buttons like round pearls are slightly flat and can also make necklaces, but more often used in pendants or single earrings where the back of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger rounded pearl.
Dropping and pear-shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as pearl centers in necklaces. Baroque pearls have different charms; they are often very irregular with a unique and interesting shape. They are also often seen in necklaces. The circled pearl is characterized by concentric bulges, or rings, around the body of pearls.
In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, while imitation pearls have almost no value. One way that jewelry can determine whether a cultured or natural pearl is to have a gem that performs an X-ray examination of a pearl. If X-rays show the nucleus, a possible pearl is a pearl of salted, salty water. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark spots show visible cavities, combined with concentric rings of organic matter, pearls are probably cultured freshwater. Freshwater cultured pearls can often be misconstrued as natural pearls that are present as homogeneous images that are constantly darkening to the surface of pearls. Natural pearls will often show larger holes in which organic matter has dried and decayed.
Pearl length necklace
There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of a pearl necklace. While most of the other necklaces are only referenced by their physical measurements, the pearl necklace is named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A collar , measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm, stands right in the throat and does not hang the neck at all; collars are often made of many strands of pearls. Pearl chokers , measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm, settle only at the base of the neck. A strand called princess length , measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm, down to or just below the collarbone. The length of matinee , measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm, falls just above the breast. The length of opera , measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or breastbone of the wearer; and much longer, the pearl string , measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm, is the length that falls further than opera .
Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or pass. In uniform pearl strands, all pearls are classified as the same size, but are actually in the range. Similar uniform akoya pearl, for example, will measure in 0.5 mm. So the strand will never be 7 mm, but it will be 6.5-7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all have full millimeter sizes when considered uniform.
The pearl strands that pass most often have at least 3 mm differentiation from the tip to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by GI brought a chain of cultured cultured pearls back from Japan, 3.5 momme, 3 mm to 7 mm pass strands far more affordable than the uniform threads because most of the little pearls.
Color
Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the level of pearl color: saltwater and freshwater pearls are available in various colors. While white, and newer black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color colors can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink, blue, champagne, green, black and even purple brine pearls can be found, but to gather enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and the same color can take years.
Religious reference
Hindu
The Hindu tradition depicts the nine sacred pearls first documented in Garuda Purana, one of Hindu mythology books. Ayurveda contains a reference to pearl powder as a digestive stimulant and treat mental illness. According to Marco Polo, the Malabar kings wearing 104 rubies and pearls given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason is that every king has to say 104 prayers every morning and every night. At least until the beginning of the 20th century, there is a Hindu custom to present a pearl that is completely new and not pounded and penetrate it during the wedding ceremony.
Pearls, which can be transliterated into "Moti", a kind of "Mani" from Sanskrit, are also associated with many Hindu gods, the most famous being Kaustubha worn by Lord Vishnu on his chest.
Hebrew scriptures
According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word New Testament
In the parable of the New Christian Covenant (Matthew 13: 45-46), Jesus compares the Kingdom of Heaven with "pearls with a high price". "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant man, looking for a fine pearl: Who, when he finds a pearl at a high price, goes and sells everything he has, and buys it."
The twelve New Jerusalem gates are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21:21, that is, Pearly Gates. "And the twelve gates are twelve pearls: every gate is one pearl: and the streets of the city are pure gold, as if transparent glass."
Holy things compared to the pearl in Matthew 7: 6: "Do not give the dog what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before the pig, lest they trample them underfoot and turn against you. "
Pearls are also found in many references that indicate the evil and pride of the people, as in Revelation 18:16. "And say, Alas, unfortunately, that great city, dressed in fine linen, in purple and red, and decorated with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"
The holy book of Islam
The Qur'an often mentions that the inhabitants of heaven will be decorated with pearls:
22:23 God will admit those who believe and do righteous deeds, to heaven under the rivers that flow: they will be adorned in it with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their clothes will have silk.
35:33 Gardens of immortality shall they enter: there they shall be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their clothes will be silk.
52:24 Around them will serve, [worship] to them, [good-looking] youths as well-preserved pearls.
Additional references
The pearl metaphor appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl, a poem honored for its high literary quality, and the use of the layered theological metaphor, which is found in one of the texts of Gnosticism.
The Pearl of Great Price is a scripture book in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and several other Latter-day Saint denominations.
See also
- Amber
- Ammolite - another organic gemstone formed primarily from the aragonite mollusk shell fossils
- Bahrain Pearling Trail, UNESCO World Heritage Site in Muharraq, Bahrain
- Broome, Western Australia, pearl city
- The cave pearl
- the pearl of La Pelegrina
- Les pÃÆ'ªcheurs de perles, The Pearl Fishers , opera by Georges Bizet
- Mary Tudor pearl
- Oriental Pride
- Pearl Maxima, one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found
- Lao Tzu Pearl
- Puerto pearls, the world's greatest pearl
- Pearl powder, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Glorious Coral
References
External links
- The History of Pearls. PBS Pearl History Special.
- Restore major pearl producing countries with cultivation in UAE (Japanese pages with English narration)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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