Diamond Light Source ( "Diamond" ) is a UK national synchrotron science facility located at Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire. The goal is to produce an intense beam of light that is particularly useful in many areas of scientific research. In particular it can be used to investigate the structures and properties of various materials from proteins (to provide information for designing new and better drugs), and engineering components (such as aero engine fan blades) for the conservation of archaeological artifacts (eg Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose ).
Video Diamond Light Source
Design, construction and finance
After initial work during the 1990s, a final design study was completed in 2001 (the so-called 'Green Book') by scientists at Daresbury Laboratory; construction then began following the creation of the operating company, DIAMOND Light Source Ltd.
Diamond was built at Chilton near Didcot in Oxfordshire, England, in addition to the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). This generated the first user file by the end of January 2007, and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on October 19, 2007.
The facility is operated by Diamond Light Source Ltd, a joint venture company established in March 2002. The Company received 86% of its funding from the UK Government (via STFC) and 14% of the Wellcome Trust. The cost of diamond Ã, Â £ 260m to build that covers the cost of the synchrotron building, the accelerator inside, the first seven experimental stations (beamlines) and adjacent office blocks, Diamond House. Costain Ltd built the synchrotron building and hall. Significant construction achievements to note:
i) The project is completed on time and within budget;
ii) Diamond Construction is completed with one of the lowest accident rates of mega projects ever completed in the UK. More than 1.4 million person-hours are completed during peak construction without a single accident that can be recorded.
Maps Diamond Light Source
Syncronron
Diamond produces synchrotron light at wavelengths ranging from X-rays to far infrared. This is also known as synchrotron radiation and electromagnetic radiation emitted by charged particles that move near the speed of light. It is used in a wide range of experiments to study the structure and behavior of different types of matter.
The particles used Diamond are electrons traveling with energy of 3 GeV round circular storage of 561.6 m. The ring is not circular, but is shaped as a forty-eight-sided polygon, using a double magnetic 'matromic bend' configuration in which two resilient magnets are placed in each of 24 cells. When the electrons pass through a specially designed magnet at each point, a sudden change of direction causes them to emit very bright electro-magnetic radiation. This is the synchrotron light used for experiments.
The electrons reach this high energy through a series of pre-accelerator stages before being injected into the 3 GeV storage ring:
- an electron gun - 90 keV
- Linear 100 MeV accelerator
- 100Ã, MeV - 3 Ge Gev booster synchrotron (158 m circle).
The Diamond synchrotron is housed in a 738m toroidal silver building in the circumference, covering an area over 43,300 square feet, or an area of ​​over six soccer fields. It contains a storage ring and a number of beamlines, with linear accelerator and amplifier synchrotron placed at the center of the ring. These lines are experimental stations where the synchronous light interaction with the material is used for research purposes. Seven (Phase I) beamlines are available when Diamond becomes operational in 2007, with fifteen (Phase II) completed during the period 2007-2012. Until January 2013 there are 22 operations. The Government and the Wellcome Trust have now agreed to finance Phase III of Diamond which will increase the number of operational outlines to 32 by 2017.
Seven beamline available when Diamond first operated in January 2007 are:
- extreme beamline conditions for studying matter under intense temperature and pressure (Beamline I15).
- materials and magnetic rays, installed to inspect electronic and magnetic materials at the atomic level (Beamline I16).
- three rays of macromolecular crystallography, to decode the structure of complex biological samples, such as proteins (Beamlines I02, I03 and I04).
- microfocus spectroscopy beamline, capable of mapping the chemical composition of complex materials such as lunar rocks and geological samples (Beamline I18).
- nanoscience beamline, able to describe structures and devices on a scale of several nanometers (millionths of a millimeter) (Beamline I06).
Phase III of Diamond provides for the design, procurement, construction and commissioning of an additional 10 beamlines to complement them in Phases I and II of Diamond. They will operate during the period 2013-2017/18.
Diamonds are intended to support up to 40 beam lines, supporting life, physical science and the environment.
In 2015, Diamond opens an Electron Bio-Imaging Center (eBIC), a UK national facility that provides instruments and expertise in the field of cryo-electron microscopy. Currently, the FEI Titan Krios I microscope operates in the experimental room at Diamond. In the future, eBIC will be located within a dedicated building adjacent to the synchrotron with completion completed in 2016. Experimental techniques available at this facility include single biological macromolecule particle analysis, cellular tomography and electron crystallography.
Beamlines
Fase I
Seven Phase I beamlines started operations in January 2007:
o Extreme beamline condition (I15) to study material under intense temperature and pressure.
o Beamline material and magnetism (I16) to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of materials at the atomic level.
o Three macromolecular crystallography rays (I02, I03 & amp; I04) to understand the structure of complex biological samples, including proteins.
Microfocus spectroscopy beamline (I18) capable of mapping the chemical composition of complex materials, such as moon rock and geological samples.
o Nanoscience beamline (I06) capable of imaging structures and devices at a few thousandths of a millimeter.
Fase II
o Non-crystallized interdisciplinary beamline diffraction (I22) for studying large, complex structures including living organisms, polymers and colloids.
o Beamline test on bending magnets (B16) to test new developments in optics, detectors and research techniques.
o Diffraction of high-intensity crystal rays of small single crystals (I19) to determine the structure of small molecule crystalline materials, such as new catalysts and 'smart' electronics.
o Beam of high powder diffraction beam (I11) specializing in investigating the structure of complex materials including high temperature semiconductors and fullerenes.
o Macromolecular microcfocus micromolecules (I24) to study the relationship between the large macromolecular structure and its function in living organisms.
Circular dichroism beamline (B23) for life science and chemistry, capable of observing structural, functional and dynamic interactions in materials such as proteins, nucleic acids and chiral molecules.
o Joint engineering, environment and processing (JEEP) beamline (I12) provides multi-purpose facilities for high-energy diffraction and imaging of components and engineering materials in real conditions.
o Fixed Wavelength Monochromatic station MX (I04-1) shares a straight I04 with one year single crystallographic macromolecular beamlines, an independent station using fixed light energy to investigate the complex structure of proteins.
X-ray spectroscopy (XAS-3) beamline (I20) includes a versatile X-ray spectrometer for studying chemical reactions and determining physical and electronic structures to support basic science.
o Surface and high-diffraction diffraction interfaces (I07) to investigate surface and interface structures under different environmental conditions, including semiconductors and biological films.
o Core EXAFS (B18) to support a variety of applications of x-ray absorption spectroscopy, including local structures and active components of electronic components, and the study of materials including liquid, crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous & colloid phases) solids, surfaces and biomaterials.
Infrared Microspectroscopy (B22) as a powerful and versatile method of determining chemical structures that bring new levels of sensitivity and spatial resolution, with subsequent impacts on various life and physical sciences.
Beamline for Advanced Dichroism Experiments (BLADE) (I10) to study magnetic dichroism and magnetic structures using gentle x-ray resonance scattering (reflection and diffraction) and X-ray absorption, enabling new studies focusing on the spectroscopic properties and magnetic ordering of the system nanostructured new.
o Imaging and X-ray coherence (I13) to study the structure of micro and nano objects. This information is obtained in the live space or by reversing (diffraction) the data recorded in the reciprocal space. Dynamic studies were performed on different time and scale scales with X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) and Ultra-Small Angle Scattering (USAXS).
Interface and Interface Analysis The interface (SOSA) (I09) will incorporate low energy and high energy beams focused on the same sample area, and will achieve progress in the determination of surface and interface structures, as well as in nano, biological and complex structures. material research.
Fase III
Phase III was approved in October 2010 and will provide 10 other beamlines, to operate between 2012 and 2017.
o I05 - Photo-Emission Spectroscopy with Viewpoint (ARPES). Beamline I05 is a facility dedicated to studying electronic structures with photo-solvable spectroscopy that angle the angle.
o I08 - Soft X-ray Microscopy will have a variety of applications including materials science, earth and environmental sciences, biological and bio-medical science, and scientific aspects of our cultural heritage.
o B21 - Throughput Tinggi Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)
o I23 - Long Long Length Macromolecular Crystallography will be a unique facility to solve crystallographic phase problems by utilizing small anomalous signals of sulfur or phosphorus present in native protein or RNA/DNA crystals.
o B24 - Full-Cryo-Transmitter X-ray Microscope Microscope for Biology will be specially designed around the requirements associated with biological cell imaging.
o I14 - Hard X-ray Nanoprobe for Complex System
o I21 - Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS)
o B07 - VERSOX: Soft Multipurpose X-ray Light
o I15-1 Distribution Function of X-ray Pair Scattering
Case study
- On September 13, 2007, scientists from Cardiff University, led by Professor Tim Wess, discovered that Diamond syncretron can be used to find hidden content of ancient documents by lighting without opening them (piercing the lining of the parchment)./li>
- In November 2010 the Nature Journal published an article explaining how scientists Goedele Maertens, Stephen Hare & amp; Peter Cherepanov from Imperial College London uses data gathered at Diamond to advance understanding of how HIV and other retroviruses infect human or animal cells. This finding allows improvements in gene therapy to improve gene malfunction. In June 2011, an international team of scientists led by Professor So Iwata published an article in the Nature Journal detailing how to use Diamond they have successfully solved the complex 3D structure of the human Histamine H1 receptor protein. Their discovery paves the way for the development of third-generation anti-histamine, a special drug that is effective against various allergies without causing adverse side effects.
​​â € <â €
Diamond is a UK National Facility that aims to provide researchers from the UK and the world with synchrometer-based techniques for various scientific applications.
The DIAMOND name was originally compiled by Mike Poole (originator of the DIAMOND project) and stands as an acronym which means DI pole A nd M ultipole Utilities O for N ation in D aresbury. With Diamond's location now in Oxfordshire, the explanation has changed, and now comes from the fact that the light from the synchrotron is 'hard' (referring to the harsh X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum) and bright, and hence the current name "Diamond" was born ).
Diamond is located on the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's STFC site, close to ISIS Neutron and Sumber Muon, Central Laser Facility, and nearby laboratories at Harwell and Culham (including Joint Torus Europe (JET) project). Diamond was originally due to replace the second generation syncrotron at Daresbury in Cheshire, however, it was decided to look for a new British syncron in Oxfordshire.
The Diamond synchrotron is the largest UK-funded scientific facility to be built in the UK for over 45 years, since Synchronous Nimrod protons located at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. In 1977 a financial agreement was granted to convert the Nimrod facility into a Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) named ISIS.
There are about 70 dedicated synchrotron facilities in the world, and Diamond (3 GeV) is the world's largest synchrotron medium energy . Only four dedicated synchrotron facilities in the world today are larger than Diamond, and they are all high energy machines. These are: i) SPring-8 in Japan (8 GeV); ii) ESRF in Grenoble, France (6.03 GeV); iii) The Advanced Photon Source (APS) in Chicago, USA (7 GeV); iv) DESY PETRA III (6 GeV) in Germany, which is currently the largest specialized synchrotron source in the world.
Movies, animations, and podcasts
- Diamond movie and animation
- Diamond Channels
- Podcast Diamond
- We are all Scientists
- BBC TV News - February 5, 2007
See also
- Sync Radiation Source (SRS)
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
- Syncronron
References
External links
- Diamond Light Source
- Diamond Light Source Design Report (Green Book)
- Lightsources.org
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Resources
- Board of Science and Technology Facilities
- Central Laser Facility
- JET Project
- Culham Center for Fusion Energy, CCFE
- Restricted Site Restoration
- BBC News Articles: 'Super-scopes' is open for business (February 5, 2007)
- Hammond, Nigel. "Inside the Diamond". Backstage Science . Brady Haran.
- Diamond: The English answer for the Great Hadron Collider Guardian article that describes the machine and its application
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments