Big Hole , Open Mine , Kimberley Mine or Tim Kuilmine (Afrikaans: Groot Gat ) is an open pit and underground mine in Kimberley, South Africa, and is claimed to be the largest hole dug by hand, although this claim is still debated.
Video Big Hole
History and size
The first diamond was found here by Erasmus Jacobs in Colesberg Kopje by members of the "Red Hat Party" of Colesberg on De Beers' s "Vooruitzigt" farm, in 1871. The ensuing scramble for claims led to a place called New Rush, later renamed Kimberley in 1873. From mid-July 1871 to 1914 to 50,000 miners dug holes with picks and shovels, yielding 2,720 kilograms (6,000 pounds, 13,600,000 carats) of diamonds. The Big Hole has a surface of 17 hectares (42 hectares) and a width of 463 meters (1,519 feet). It was dug up to a depth of 240 meters (790 feet), but then partially filled with debris reduced its depth to about 215 meters (705 feet). It has since collected about 40 meters (130 feet) from the water, leaving 175 meters (574Ã, ft) of visible holes. After operation on the ground becomes too dangerous and unproductive, the kimberlite pipes from the Kimberley Mine are also underground mined by the company De Beers Cecil Rhodes to a depth of 1,097 meters (3,599 feet).
Since the early 2000s, efforts to register the Big Hole as a World Heritage Site have been under way.
Maps Big Hole
Excavation
In 1872, one year after excavation began, the excavation camp population grew to around 50,000. During the excavation, many men met their deaths in mining accidents. Unhealthy conditions, scarcity of fresh water and vegetables and great heat in summer, also took their toll. On March 13, 1888 leaders from various mines decided to combine separate digs into one large mine and one large company known as De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited, with life governors such as Cecil John Rhodes, Alfred Beit, and Barney Barnato. This large company works further in the Big Hole to a depth of 215 meters, with a surface area of ​​about 17 hectares and a circumference of 1.6 kilometers. On August 14, 1914, when more than 22 million tonnes of earth had been dug, producing 3,000 kilograms (14,504,566 carats) of diamonds, the work at the mine stopped after being considered the largest hand digging excavation on earth. However, in 2005, it was reported that a researcher had reviewed the mine records and found that parts extracted from the Jagersfontein diamond and Bultfontein diamonds, also in South Africa, may be deeper and/or larger in excavation volume. There are other, bigger mining excavations, but these are made by using earth moving equipment rather than manual work.
Kimberley Process
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is a global diamond certification system. The certification scheme was adopted on January 1, 2003 and made global diamond trading without government-issued certificates illegal. The success of the Kimberley Process depends on state-led border controls but this is being undermined by a weaker national government. Organizations such as Global Witness withdrew from the scheme on December 5, 2011, claiming that the scheme did not provide the market with the certainty that diamonds are not diamonds of conflict. Both the Kimberley Process and the Diamond Clean Trade Act of the US aim to ensure that purchased diamonds are 'morally clean' and not related to fraudulent games. The Angelica DiCaprio Blood Diamond film reveals the dirty games that can exist in diamond trading and the reference to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is made at the end of the movie.
Miners
Diamond discovery led to high demand for 'Black workforce'. The independence and independence of the African country guesthouse was questioned by the British Government which also contributed to the acceleration of the revocation of land rights, especially in the 1870s. This created a large black migrant population in Kimberley.
Housing
The original location was created for miners by the mining manager. These locations enhance the security and theft of limited diamonds. They do not have natural water sources or proper waste disposal. The origins and characteristics of the 'Apartheid City Structure' can be traced back to a particular class, social and economic rapid industrialization state in Kimberley.
Koata Strategy
'Koata Strategy' is a coping strategy used by Basotho miners to start work despite fear and anxiety they experience. It is characterized by rudeness and irreverence. Behavior patterns include singing, whistling, yelling and humiliating people, including women and train officers. This form of behavior is reinforced by existing stereotypes and passed down from generation to generation. Koata's behavior is associated with violence, oppression, hatred, exploitation and suffering. Basotho who work in mining compared to rats while those who are not miners are seen as 'cheerful monkeys' who control their fate.
Health
Between 1897 and 1899, a total of 7,853 patients were admitted to Kimberley Hospital. 5,368 of these patients were black and treated in a designated special ward, the 'Original surgical wards' for black miners and wards for black women and children. Of these black patients, 1,144 died. Mortality and morbidity of miners is largely due to tuberculosis, pneumonia, scurvy, diarrhea, syphilis and mining accidents. These causes indicate poor socio-economic status, poor housing, high levels of injury and violence in the lives of miners.
Mine Crash
The majority of mine accidents are caused by rain stones and rockburst, trucks and trams, explosives, cages and ships carrying workers, and ore between underground and surface. This condition is further exacerbated by the miners' lack of experience, fatigue and 'high speed' where they have to do their work to increase profits. The Sosotho newspaper publishes letters from miners describing accidents, names of Sotho miners who died, villages and heads of miners who died, and expressed their condolences. Miners respond to mine accidents with strike action, where they refuse to work until the cause of the accident is repaired or, more commonly, through Koata Strategy.
Miner Miner
Basotho related men mine in the Big Hole with death and danger.
Burial for the poor occurred in the grave of Glastone from March 1, 1883. Many records were burned, but the surviving reports state that between June 24, 1887 and November 28, 1892, 5,000 black funerals took place at the Glastone cemetery. Around 611 black cemeteries occurred between February and June 1900, some of these burials occurred without coffins, where the corpse was just wrapped in a blanket. Personal ornaments, including buttons, leather shoes, beads and bracelets are found in grave graves that are not marked. In 1897 the cemetery was closed and enlarged to open to non-blacks again in April 1902. The Miner's body was seen as a matter of garbage disposal by mine/municipal boards and African rituals and the mourning process had nothing to do with the authorities.. Many Basotho miners are not happy with the way the dead are treated.
Mine Museum
With mining operations shut down in 1914, the open pit attracted visitors to the city and, in the 1960s, a gathering together of the early days of Kimberley, including old buildings and various memorabilia, began to be organized into official museums. and attractions. In 1965 De Beers appointed Basil Humphreys as a museum consultant, with a museum substantially upgraded as an open representation of the early Kimberley, with streets, dioramas and exhibitions of mining and transportation technologies. There was an official opening during Kimberley's centennial celebration in 1971. One of the attractions was Diamond Hall. The Mine Museum goes through the next upgrade. Between 2002 and 2005 De Beers invested R50 million in developing Big Hole into a world-class tourism facility, based on the idea of ​​creating an "eternal legacy for the Kimberley people." The new facility, Big Hole Kimberley, and the theme 'Diamonds and Destiny', is expected to double the number of visitors to the Big Hole.
See also
- Kimberlite pipes
- Mir diamond pipe
- Udachnaya Pipe
- Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
- Blood Diamond
References
External links
- Official website
- Big Hole Accommodation at sastay.co.za
- Re-imagine the Kimberley Mining Museum: The De Beers Hole Project
- The first photos of the Kimberley mine
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments