Beryl ( BERR -? l ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminum cyclosilicate with chemical formula Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 . The famous beryl varieties include emeralds and aquamarine. Naturally, the beryl hexagonal crystals can reach several meters, but the crystal is stopped relatively rarely. Pure beryl is colorless, but is often colored by dirt; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red (rarest), and white. Beryl is also a source of beryllium ore.
Video Beryl
Etimologi
The name "beryl" comes (via Latin: beryllus , French Ancient: beryl , and Central English: beryl ) from the Greek ???????? beryllos which refers to "precious blue-green-sea-colored rocks"; similar to Prakrit verulia , veluriya ("beryl"). The term was later adopted for more exclusive beryl minerals.
When the first glasses were built in the 13th century Italy, the lenses are made of beryl (or stone crystals) because the glass can not be made clear enough. As a result, the glasses are named Brillen in German (bril in the Netherlands and Briller in Denmark).
Maps Beryl
Deposit
Beryl of various colors found most commonly in granite pegmatites, but also occurs in mika schists in the Ural Mountains, and limestone in Colombia. Beryl is often associated with tin ore and tungsten bodies. Beryl is found in Europe in Norway, Austria, Germany, Sweden (mainly morganite), Ireland and Russia, as well as Brazil, Colombia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Pakistan, Afghanistan, South Africa, USA, and Zambia. US beryl locations are located in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Utah.
The New England Pegmatites have produced some of the largest beryls found, including one large crystal from Quarry Bumpus in Albany, Maine with dimensions of 5.5 x 1.2 m (18.0 x 3.9 ft) with a mass of about 18 metric tons; it is a mineral state of New Hampshire. In 1999, the largest natural-scaled mineral crystal ever to exist in the world was the beryl crystals of Malakialina, Madagascar, 18 m (59 ft) long and 3.5 m (11 ft) long, and weighed 380,000 kg (840,000 lb).
Behavior and crystal structure
Beryl termasuk dalam sistem kristal heksagonal. Biasanya Beril membentuk kolom heksagonal tetapi juga dapat terjadi dalam kebiasaan besar. Sebagai cyclosilicate beryl menggabungkan cincin tetrahedra silikat yang disusun dalam kolom sepanjang sumbu C dan sebagai lapisan paralel tegak lurus terhadap sumbu C, membentuk saluran sepanjang sumbu C. Saluran ini memungkinkan berbagai ion, atom netral, dan molekul untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kristal sehingga mengganggu muatan keseluruhan dari kristal yang memungkinkan substitusi lebih lanjut di situs Aluminium, Silikon, dan Berilium dalam struktur kristal. Kotoran ini menimbulkan berbagai warna beril yang dapat ditemukan. Peningkatan konten alkali dalam saluran cincin silikat menyebabkan peningkatan indeks bias dan birefringence.
Varietas
Aquamarine dan maxixe
The aquamarine's pale blue color is associated with Fe 2 . Ion Fe 3 produces a golden yellow color, and when both Fe 2 and Fe 3 are present, the color is darker blue as in maxixe. Decoloration is maxixe by light or heat so it may be due to transfer of charge between Fe 3 and Fe 2 . The dark blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating with high-energy particles (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).
In the United States, aquamarines can be found at the top of Mt. Antero at Sawatch Range in central Colorado. In Wyoming, aquamarine has been found in the Big Horn Mountains, near the Powder River Pass. Another location in the United States is the Range Sawtooth near Stanley, Idaho, though minerals are within the wilderness area that prevents collection. In Brazil, there are mines in the states of Minas Gerais, EspÃÆ'rito Santo, and Bahia, and a little in Rio Grande do Norte. The Colombian Mines, Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya also produce aquamarine.
The highest quality Aquamarine gemstones ever mined were found in Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. Weighing more than 110 kg (243 lb), and dimensions of 48.5 cm (19 in) and 42 cm ( 16 < span> 1 / 2 Ã, in) in diameter. The largest aquamarine gem of the piece is Dom Pedro aquamarine, now housed in the Smithsonian Institution's Natural History Museum.
Emerald
Emeralds are green beryl, stained with trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Most emeralds are very much included, so their fragility (resistance to damage) is classified as generally poor.
The modern English word "emerald" comes from the Middle English Emeraude, imported from the Old French
Emeralds in ancient times were mined by Egypt and in Austria, as well as Swat in northern Pakistan. This type of rare emerald known as emerald trapiche is sometimes found in Colombian mines. A trapiche emerald shows a "star" pattern; it has radius-like rays of dark carbon impurities that give emeralds a six pointed radial pattern. Named for trapiche , the grinding wheel used to process sugarcane in the area. Colombian emeralds are generally the most valuable because of their transparency and fire. Some of the rarest emeralds come from two main emerald belts in the Eastern Andes Colombia: Muzo and Coscuez to the west of Altiplano Cundiboyacense, and [Colombian emeralds # Western belt | [Chivor and Somondoco]] to the east. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as Zambia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Russia. In the US, emeralds can be found in Hiddenite, North Carolina. In 1998, emeralds were found in the Yukon.
Emeralds are a rare and precious gemstone and, thus, have provided incentives for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal and synthetic growth-fluxes have been produced. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process is the Carroll Chatham process. Another major producer of emerald flux is Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Emerald Gilson is usually grown on beryl seeds with no natural color coated on either side. Growth occurs at a rate of 1 millimeter (0.039 in) per month, a seven-month growth that usually produces a 7 mm-thick emerald crystal. The emerald green color is widely associated with the presence of Cr 3 ion. The very green Beryls from Brazil, Zimbabwe and other places whose color is associated with vanadium have also been sold and certified as emeralds.
Gold beryl and heliodor
Beryl gold can range in color from pale yellow to brilliant gold. Unlike emeralds, beryl gold generally has very few defects. The term "golden beryl" is sometimes identical to heliodor (from the Greek h? Lios - ????? "sun" d? Ron - ?? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? The golden yellow color is associated with Fe 3 ions. Beryl gold and heliodor are used as gems. Perhaps the largest piece of gold is a 2054-carat flawless stone that is on display in Hall of Gems, Washington, D.C., USA.
Goshenite
Colored beryl is called goshenite . Its name comes from Goshen, Massachusetts, where it was originally discovered. Since all these color varieties are caused by pure and colorless pure excrements, it may be tempting to assume that goshenite is the purest type of beryl. However, there are some elements that can act as inhibitors for color in beryl and this assumption may not always be true. The name goshenite has been said to be on its way to extinction but is still commonly used in the gemstone market. Goshenite is found to some extent in almost all beryl regions. In the past, goshenite was used to produce glasses and lenses due to transparency. Currently, it is most commonly used for gems and is also considered a source of beryllium.
The value of goshenite gems is relatively low. However, goshenite can be yellow, green, pink, blue and medium colors by irradiating with high-energy particles. The resulting color depends on the content of Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, and Co impurities.
Morganite
Morganite, also known as "pink beryl", "beryl rose", "pink emerald", and "cesian (or caesian ) beryl", is a rare pink light for a variety of quality rose-colored gems from beryl. Orange/yellow varieties of morganite can also be found, and the color of the appeal is common. These can be routinely heated treated to remove yellow spots and sometimes treated by irradiation to improve the color. The morganite pink color is associated with the Mn 2 ion.
Beryl pink color is fine and good size was first found on an island on the coast of Madagascar in 1910. It is well known, with other gemstone minerals, such as tourmaline and kunzite, in Pala, California. In December 1910, the New York Academy of Sciences named the beryl "morganite" pink varieties after finance expert J. P. Morgan.
On October 7, 1989, one of the largest gem morganit specimens ever discovered, finally called "The Rose of Maine", was found at Bennett Quarry in Buckfield, Maine, USA. The crystals, originally orange, are 23 cm (9 inches) long and about 30 cm (12 inches) long, and weighed (together with the matrix) more than 50 pounds (23 kg).
Beryl red
The red beryl (formerly known as "bixbite" and marketed as "red emerald" or "emerald red") is a variation of red beryl. It was first described in 1904 for an event, its location type, in Maynard Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah. The old synonym "bixbite" has been abandoned from CIBJO, because of the risk of confusion with bixbyite minerals (both named after the Maynard Bixby mineralogy). The dark red color is associated with the Mn 3 ion.
Beryl red is very rare and has been reported only from several locations: Wah Wah Mountains, Beaver County, Utah; Paramount Canyon and Round Mountain, Sierra County, New Mexico, though the latter area does not often produce gemstones; and Juab County, Utah. The largest concentration of beryl red gems originated from the Ruby-Violet Claim in the Wah Wah Mountains in Thomas's range in central western Utah, discovered in 1958 by Lamar Hodges, Fillmore, Utah, when he was looking for uranium. The red beryl has been known to be confused with the pezzottaite, cesium beryl analogue, which has been found in Madagascar and recently Afghanistan; cut gems of two varieties can be distinguished from their differences in refractive index, and rough crystals can be easily distinguished by different crystal systems (trigzzal pezzottaite, red beryl hexagonal). Synthetic red beryl is also produced. Like emeralds and unlike most other beryl varieties, red beryl is usually very much included.
While beryl gems are usually found in certain pegmatites and metamorphic stones, red beryl occurs in topaz-bearing rhyolites. It is formed by crystallization under low pressure and high temperature of the pneumatolytic phase along the fracture or in the rymite of the rhythmic near-surface rhyolite. The associated minerals include bixbyite, quartz, orthoclase, topaz, spessartine, pseudobrookite and hematite.
See also
- Chrysoberyl
- Mineral list
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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